{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2910669165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020425","title":"Damage Quantification with Embedded Piezoelectric Aggregates Based on Wavelet Packet Energy Analysis","display_name":"Damage Quantification with Embedded Piezoelectric Aggregates Based on Wavelet Packet Energy Analysis","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2910669165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020425","mag":"2910669165","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30669631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19020425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020425","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/425/pdf?version=1548069007","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/425/pdf?version=1548069007","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371703","display_name":"Zijian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0800-2452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099662","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/012wsxz85","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411","https://openalex.org/I4210099662","https://openalex.org/I4210111986","https://openalex.org/I4210120069","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111986","display_name":"Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02403qw73","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111986"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099662","https://openalex.org/I4210111986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100765649","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-5738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064130833","display_name":"Maosen Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6640-1905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maosen Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064130833","https://openalex.org/A5100765649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.8293,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81970155,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"425","last_page":"425"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brittleness","display_name":"Brittleness","score":0.6413524150848389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.6258884072303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5461564660072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piezoelectricity","display_name":"Piezoelectricity","score":0.5307640433311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5247499942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.49078211188316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-emission","display_name":"Acoustic emission","score":0.4479654133319855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4326520562171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastic-energy","display_name":"Elastic energy","score":0.4214929938316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2815415859222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.2583833932876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16340410709381104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11385136842727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09819045662879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09265080094337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07138589024543762}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136478896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898288","display_name":"Brittleness","level":2,"score":0.6413524150848389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.6258884072303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5461564660072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100082104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183759","display_name":"Piezoelectricity","level":2,"score":0.5307640433311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5247499942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.49078211188316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174598085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746673","display_name":"Acoustic emission","level":2,"score":0.4479654133319855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4326520562171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14041564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q891408","display_name":"Elastic energy","level":2,"score":0.4214929938316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2815415859222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.2583833932876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16340410709381104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11385136842727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09819045662879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09265080094337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07138589024543762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19020425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020425","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/425/pdf?version=1548069007","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30669631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30669631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6161d7aa6d924fd091bd4f93856143df","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6161d7aa6d924fd091bd4f93856143df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 2, p 425 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5346414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6359494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/2/425/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6359494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6359494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19020425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020425","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/425/pdf?version=1548069007","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2082826544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Postdoctoral","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2744960183","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51609148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5612697103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017M","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6495668447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017M621609","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2910669165.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2910669165.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027535875","https://openalex.org/W2034975097","https://openalex.org/W2035699115","https://openalex.org/W2050252747","https://openalex.org/W2130175225","https://openalex.org/W2274360683","https://openalex.org/W2310111665","https://openalex.org/W2320998174","https://openalex.org/W2343692651","https://openalex.org/W2529028789","https://openalex.org/W2556941535","https://openalex.org/W2586983952","https://openalex.org/W2604904785","https://openalex.org/W2605865944","https://openalex.org/W2620816067","https://openalex.org/W2734424373","https://openalex.org/W2736523912","https://openalex.org/W2737509113","https://openalex.org/W2737781947","https://openalex.org/W2739288874","https://openalex.org/W2739461674","https://openalex.org/W2750933348","https://openalex.org/W2753878549","https://openalex.org/W2755178995","https://openalex.org/W2763844497","https://openalex.org/W2783498839","https://openalex.org/W2790725516","https://openalex.org/W2791382132","https://openalex.org/W2792858546","https://openalex.org/W2800092778","https://openalex.org/W2807344737","https://openalex.org/W2809035669","https://openalex.org/W2810386507","https://openalex.org/W2811013362","https://openalex.org/W2870194209","https://openalex.org/W2884734556","https://openalex.org/W2892281324","https://openalex.org/W6704851546","https://openalex.org/W6741449344","https://openalex.org/W6741906473","https://openalex.org/W6754980549"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393097294","https://openalex.org/W2889442519","https://openalex.org/W2381188978","https://openalex.org/W2364223432","https://openalex.org/W2988080746","https://openalex.org/W2377260462","https://openalex.org/W2158646189","https://openalex.org/W1988660982","https://openalex.org/W2472814183","https://openalex.org/W2018176708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cement-based":[0],"components":[1,18,40],"have":[2,20],"been":[3,66,180],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"in":[6,51,60,134,229],"civil":[7],"engineering":[8],"structures.":[9],"However,":[10,62],"due":[11],"to":[12,28,41,81,98,166,191],"wearing":[13],"and":[14,27,43,137,156,185,217],"deterioration,":[15],"the":[16,32,38,49,52,69,75,83,86,92,99,102,110,114,117,130,145,154,161,167,172,183,186,192,195,202,212,215,218,222,226,230],"cement-based":[17,39],"may":[19],"brittle":[21],"failure.":[22],"To":[23],"provide":[24],"early":[25],"warning":[26],"support":[29],"predictive":[30],"reinforcement,":[31],"piezoelectric":[33,94],"materials":[34],"are":[35],"embedded":[36],"into":[37],"excite":[42],"receive":[44],"elastic":[45,53,88,105],"waves.":[46],"By":[47,189],"recognizing":[48],"abnormalities":[50],"waves,":[54],"hidden":[55],"damage":[56,70,111,141],"can":[57,107,198,220],"be":[58,199],"identified":[59],"advance.":[61],"few":[63],"research":[64],"has":[65,179],"published":[67],"regarding":[68],"quantification.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"wavelet":[76,146],"packet":[77],"analysis":[78],"is":[79,132,151],"adopted":[80],"calculate":[82],"energy":[84,115,148],"of":[85,101,116,122,214,225],"transmitted":[87],"waves":[89,106],"based":[90],"on":[91,171],"improved":[93],"aggregates":[95],"(IPAs).":[96],"Due":[97],"growth":[100],"damage,":[103],"less":[104],"pass":[108],"through":[109],"zone,":[112],"decreasing":[113],"acquired":[118],"signals.":[119],"A":[120,140],"set":[121],"cement":[123,231],"beams":[124],"with":[125,164,204],"different":[126],"crack":[127,168,187,196,227],"depths":[128],"at":[129],"mid-span":[131],"tested":[133],"both":[135],"numerical":[136,155],"experimental":[138,157],"ways.":[139],"quantification":[142,224],"index,":[143],"namely":[144],"packet-based":[147],"index":[149],"(WPEI),":[150],"developed.":[152],"Both":[153],"results":[158,209],"demonstrate":[159],"that":[160,211],"WPEI":[162,184,203,219],"decreases":[163],"respect":[165],"depth.":[169,188],"Based":[170],"regression":[173],"analysis,":[174],"a":[175,205],"strong":[176],"linear":[177,193],"relationship":[178],"observed":[181],"between":[182],"referring":[190],"relationship,":[194],"depth":[197,228],"estimated":[200],"by":[201],"good":[206],"accuracy.":[207],"The":[208],"demonstrated":[210],"use":[213],"IPAs":[216],"fulfill":[221],"real-time":[223],"beams.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}