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⁵ Isō, Kimura, Nihon hōkenshakai kenkyū shi (Tokyo, 1956), 4.Google Scholar

⁶ Contained in Busk, M. M., ed., Manners and Customs of the Japanese in the 19th Century (New York, 1841), 142.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Kenji, Maki, Nihon hōkenseido seiritsu shi (Tokyo, 1935), 1–2.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Ibid., 5–6.

¹⁹ Bryce Lyon, The Middle Ages, 17.

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²³ I am indebted to Professor Karl Deutsch of Yale University for this point.

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³¹ An excellent survey of the problem of Yoritomo's rise to power is found in Minoru Shinoda, The Founding of the Kamakura Shogunate 1180–1185 (New York, 1960), especially 114–144.Google Scholar

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³⁴ This perspective has been gained chiefly through local studies in regions other than the Kantō and southern Kyushu. A notable study of the balance between civil and military authority in the province of Bizen is contained in Madoka, Kanai, “Kamakura jidai Bizen kokugaryto ni tsuite”, Nihon rekishi, 150 (12., 1960), 36–54.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ Mitsuo, Shimizu, Nihon chūsei no sonraku (Tokyo, 1942), 121–166.Google Scholar

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⁴³ The recent trend among Japanese historians to view the seventeenth century as the culmination of feudalism in Japan rests largely on economic grounds. The foremost advocate of this view is Araki Moriaki (see his “Taikō kenchi no rekishiteki igi”, Rekishigaka kenkyū 167 (01., 1954), 12–23).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Asakawa, “Some Aspects”, 101.

⁴⁵ Reischauer, E. O., “Japan”, in Coulborn, Feudalism in History, 36–37.Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ The Hitotsubashi branch of the Tokugawa house received 100,000 hyō (bales) of rice.

⁴⁸ See Madoka, Kanai, “Dokai kōshūki ni okeru bakuhan taisei no ichi hyōgen”, Shinano, 3.6 (06, 1951), 37–47.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ J. W. Hall, “The Modern Japanese Daimyo”, 327–328.

⁵⁰ See Asakawa, K., “Notes on Village Government in Japan after 1600”, LAOS, XXXXXXI (1910–1911), 259–300; 151–216Google Scholar. Also Smith, T. C., The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan (Stanford, 1959), 24–25.Google Scholar

⁵¹ For an attempt to apply the feudal concept to Nazi Germany see Koehl, Robert, “Feudal Aspects of National Socialism”, The American Political Science Review, LIV.4 (12., 1960).Google Scholar

⁵² E. O. Reischauer, “Japan”, in Coulbom, Feudalism in History, 46. See also Reischauer, E. O., “Our Asian Frontiers of Knowledge”, University of Arizona Bulletin, Riecker Memorial Lecture No. 4, (Tucson, 1958) for a fuller treatment of this idea.Google Scholar