Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Following nearly three millennia of pharaonic rule, Egypt came under foreign rule beginning in the 6th century BC. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity, later adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards. Alexandria, Egypt's former capital and currently second largest city, was a hub of global knowledge through its Library. Cairo became the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth century and of the subsequent Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, until its local ruler Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous Khedivate in 1867. The country was then occupied by the British Empire along with Sudan and gained independence in 1922 as a monarchy.
Map depicting the Arab routes and conquest of Egypt.
Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate led by Amr ibn al-As conquered Byzantine Egypt between 639 and 642 AD. The conquest ended the Roman period in Egypt, which had begun in 30 BC and lasted for approximately seven centuries, and more broadly concluded the Greco-Roman period of Egyptian history, which had endured for nearly a millennium.
Prior to the conquest, Byzantine rule in Egypt had undergone significant political and military disruption. The province had been conquered and occupied by the Sasanian Empire for roughly a decade between 618 and 629, before being reconquered by the Byzantines under Emperor Heraclius. These events occurred within the wider context of prolonged conflict between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires that reshaped imperial authority across the eastern Mediterranean in the early seventh century. (Full article...)
Image 9E1b1b is the most common paternal haplogroup across Africa, including Egypt, with modern genetic studies rooting the origin of the E haplogroup in East Africa. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 10Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics (from Egypt)
Image 15Rectangular fishpond with ducks and lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees, Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th Dynasty (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 16Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background (from Egypt)
Image 32Painted limestone relief of a noble member of Ancient Egyptian society during the New Kingdom (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 33Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert and in the Nile Delta (from Egypt)
Image 34A tomb relief depicts workers plowing the fields, harvesting the crops, and threshing the grain under the direction of an overseer, painting in the tomb of Nakht. (from Ancient Egypt)
Selected cuisines, dishes and foods - show another
Fakhfakhina (Egyptian Arabic: فخفخينا) is an Egypt fruit salad that combines a variety of fresh seasonal fruits, fruit juices, and often a scoop of ice cream, making it a popular choice for Egyptians during hot summer months. (Full article...)
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