Cutar annoba
Annoba cuta ce mai yaɗuwa wadda kwayar cuta ta Yersinia pestis ke haifarwa. [1] Alamomin sun haɗa da zazzabi, rauni, ciwon kai da kuma baki baki. [2] Yawanci, wannan yana farawa kwana ɗaya zuwa bakwai bayan kamuwa da cutar. [1] Akwai nau'ikan annoba guda uku, kowannensu yana shafar wani ɓangare na jiki kuma yana haifar da alamun da ke da alaƙa da shi. Annobar huhu tana shafar huhu, tana haifar da ƙarancin numfashi, tari da ciwon ƙirji; Annobar bubonic tana shafar ƙwayoyin lymph, tana sa su kumbura; kuma annobar septicemic tana shafar jini kuma tana iya sa kyallen takarda su yi baƙi su mutu . [1] [2]
Siffofin bulbonic da septicemic galibi suna yaɗuwa ta hanyar cizon ƙuma ko taɓa dabbar da ta kamu da cutar, [2] yayin da annobar huhu ke yaɗuwa tsakanin mutane ta iska ta hanyar digo-digo masu yaɗuwa. [2] Yawanci ana gano cutar ta hanyar gano ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa daga ƙwayar lymph, jini ko maniyyi . [1]
Ana ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafi ne kawai ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. Waɗanda suka kamu da cutar ta huhu za a iya yi musu magani da magungunan rigakafi. [1] Idan suka kamu da cutar, maganin yana da maganin rigakafi da kulawa mai taimako . [1] Yawanci maganin rigakafi ya haɗa da haɗin gentamicin da fluoroquinolone . [3] Haɗarin mutuwa idan aka yi musu magani shine kusan kashi 10% yayin da ba tare da shi ba shine kusan kashi 70%. [4]
A duk duniya, ana samun rahoton kamuwa da cutar kusan 600 a shekara. [1] A shekarar 2017, ƙasashen da suka fi kamuwa da cutar sun haɗa da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Madagascar da Peru . [1] A Amurka, kamuwa da cuta lokaci-lokaci yana faruwa a yankunan karkara, inda ake kyautata zaton ƙwayoyin cuta suna yaɗuwa tsakanin beraye . [5] A tarihi, ya faru ne a manyan barkewar cutar, inda aka fi sani da Baƙar fata a ƙarni na 14, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar sama da miliyan 50 a Turai. [1]
Alamomi da Alamomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai alamu daban-daban na annoba a asibiti. Mafi yawan nau'in annoba ita ce annoba ta bubonic, sai kuma annoba ta septicemic da pneumonia. [6] Sauran alamu na asibiti sun haɗa da annoba ta meningitis, annoba ta pharyngitis, da annoba ta ido. [6] Alamomin annoba gabaɗaya sun haɗa da zazzabi, sanyi, ciwon kai, da tashin zuciya. [2] Mutane da yawa suna fuskantar kumburi a cikin ƙwayoyin lymph idan suna da annoba ta bubonic. [2] Ga waɗanda ke da annobar huhu, alamun na iya (ko ba za su iya ba) sun haɗa da tari, ciwo a ƙirji, da kuma haemoptysis. [2]
Annobar Bubonic
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Idan ƙuma ta ciji ɗan adam ta kuma gurɓata raunin da jinin da ya sake dawowa, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da annoba suna shiga cikin kyallen. Y. pestis na iya hayayyafa a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, don haka ko da an yi musu phagocytose, har yanzu suna iya rayuwa. Da zarar sun shiga jiki, ƙwayoyin cuta na iya shiga cikin tsarin lymphatic, wanda ke zubar da ruwan interstitial . Kwayoyin cuta na annoba suna fitar da gubobi da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu an san yana haifar da toshewar beta-adrenergic . [7]
Y. pestis yana yaɗuwa ta cikin jijiyoyin lymphatic na mutumin da ya kamu da cutar har sai ya kai ga ƙwayar lymph, inda yake haifar da cutar lymphadenitis mai tsanani. [8] Kumburin lymph nodes ɗin da ke kumbura suna samar da halayen buboes da ke da alaƙa da cutar, [9] kuma binciken gawarwakin waɗannan buboes ya nuna cewa galibi suna da zubar jini ko kuma necrotic . [10]
Idan ƙwayar lymph ta yi yawa, kamuwar na iya shiga cikin jini, wanda ke haifar da annobar septicemic ta biyu, kuma idan aka yi wa huhu iri, zai iya haifar da annobar huhu ta biyu . [11]
Annobar Septicemic
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Lymphatics a ƙarshe suna kwarara zuwa cikin jini, don haka ƙwayoyin cuta na iya shiga jini su yi tafiya zuwa kusan kowane ɓangare na jiki. A cikin annobar septicemic, ƙwayoyin cuta endotoxins suna haifar da zubar jini a cikin jijiyoyin jini (DIC), suna haifar da ƙananan ɗigon jini a cikin jiki da kuma yiwuwar ischemic necrosis, wanda kyallen takarda ke mutuwa saboda rashin zagayawa jini. DIC yana haifar da raguwar albarkatun zubar jini na jiki don haka ba zai iya sake sarrafa zubar jini ba. Saboda haka, akwai zubar jini a cikin fata da sauran gabobin jiki, wanda zai iya haifar da kuraje ja ko baƙi, da tari da amai na jini. Akwai kuraje a fata waɗanda suka yi kama da cizon kwari; waɗannan yawanci ja ne, kuma wani lokacin fari ne a tsakiya. Idan ba a yi magani ba, annobar septicemic yawanci tana kashe mutane. Yin magani da wuri da maganin rigakafi yana rage yawan mace-mace zuwa tsakanin kashi 4 zuwa 15 cikin ɗari. [12] [13] [14]
Annobar huhu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nau'in annobar huhu yana tasowa ne daga kamuwa da cutar huhu . Yana haifar da tari kuma ta haka yana haifar da digo-digo a iska wanda ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma yana iya kamuwa da duk wanda ke shaƙa su. Lokacin kamuwa da cutar huhu gajere ne, yawanci kwana biyu zuwa huɗu, amma wani lokacin awanni kaɗan ne kawai. Alamomin farko ba za a iya bambanta su da wasu cututtukan numfashi da dama ba; sun haɗa da ciwon kai, rauni, da tofa ko amai na jini. Yadda cutar ke faruwa yana da sauri; sai dai idan an gano kuma an yi maganinsa da wuri, yawanci cikin 'yan awanni kaɗan, mutuwa na iya biyo baya cikin kwana ɗaya zuwa shida; a cikin lokuta marasa magani, mace-mace kusan 100%. [1] [2]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Plague". World Health Organization. October 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "WHO2017" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Symptoms Plague". CDC (in Turanci). September 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2017. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "CDC2015Sym" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ "Resources for Clinicians Plague". CDC (in Turanci). October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
- ↑ "FAQ Plague". CDC (in Turanci). September 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
- ↑ "Transmission Plague". CDC (in Turanci). September 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
- 1 2 Nelson, Christina A; Fleck-Derderian, Shannon; Cooley, Katharine M; Meaney-Delman, Dana; Becksted, Heidi A; Russell, Zachary; Renaud, Bertrand; Bertherat, Eric; Mead, Paul S (2020-05-21). "Antimicrobial Treatment of Human Plague: A Systematic Review of the Literature on Individual Cases, 1937–2019". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 70 (Supplement_1): S3–S10. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz1226. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 32435802.
- ↑ Brown, SD; Montie, TC (1977). "Beta-adrenergic blocking activity of Yersinia pestis murine toxin". Infection and Immunity. 18 (1): 85–93. doi:10.1128/IAI.18.1.85-93.1977. PMC 421197. PMID 198377.
- ↑ Sebbane, F; Jarret, C.O.; Gardner, D; Long, D; Hinnebusch, B.J. (2006). "Role of Yersinia pestis plasminogen activator in the incidence of distinct septicemic and bubonic forms of flea-borne plague". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (14): 5526–5530. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5526S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509544103. PMC 1414629. PMID 16567636.
- ↑ "Symptoms | Plague". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ↑ Sebbane, F; Gardner, D; Long, D; Gowen, B.B.; Hinnebusch, B.J. (2005). "Kinetics of Disease Progression and Host Response in a Rat Model of Bubonic Plague". Am J Pathol. 166 (5): 1427–1439. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62360-7. PMC 1606397. PMID 15855643.
- ↑ "Plague". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
- ↑ Wagle PM (1948). "Recent advances in the treatment of bubonic plague". Indian J Med Sci. 2: 489–94.
- ↑ Meyer KF (1950). "Modern therapy of plague". J Am Med Assoc. 144 (12): 982–85. doi:10.1001/jama.1950.02920120006003. PMID 14774219.
- ↑ Datt Gupta AK (1948). "A short note on plague cases treated at Campbell Hospital". Ind Med Gaz. 83 (3): 150–51. PMC 5190352. PMID 29014753.
