Peter Paul Rubens

Sir

Peter Paul Rubens
Sir; Peter Paul Rubens
	Self-Portrait, c. 1623 – c. 1630
Janam	28 June 1577; Siegen, Nassau-Dillenburg, Holy Roman Empire
Maut	30 May 1640 (aged 62); Antwerp, Spanish Netherlands
Shiksha	Tobias Verhaecht; Adam van Noort; Otto van Veen
Known for	Painting, drawing, tapestry design, print design
Movement	Flemish Baroque
Jivan Saathis	Isabella Brant (m. 1609; d. 1626); Helena Fourment (m. 1630);
Signature

Pieter Pauwel (Peter Paul) Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) ek Flemish painter rahaa. Uu Baroque style me paint karat rahaa.

Rubens ke uske Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, aur history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects khatir jaana jaawe hae.

Iske saathe uu Antwerp me ek barraa studio chlawat rahaa jon ki Europe bhar ke nobility aur art collectors me mashuur rahaa. Rubens ek classically-educated humanist scholar, art collector, aur diplomat rahaa jiske duuno Philip IV, Spain ke raja aur Charles I, England ke raja knithood diis rahaa.

Early life

Rubens ke janam Siegen, Westphalia, Germany me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, Jan Rubens aur maiya Maria Pypelincks rahis. Jan Rubens ek Calvinist rahis, aur uu aapan aurat ke saathe hissa ke Antwerp se Cologne 1568 me gais, kaahe ki Netherlands me Spain ke raaj me Protestant log ke bahut satawa jaawat rahaa. Jan Rubens, 1570 me Siegen ke raja ke aurat ke leagal advisor ban gais aur wanhii pe rahe lagaa. Jan Rubens ke rani ke saathe affair kare ke khatir jahrl bhej aais rahaa aur yahii time 1577 me Peter Paul Rubens paida bhais rahaa. 1588 me puura palwaar Cologne chal diin, lekin dui saal baad, Rubens ke pitaji ke maut ke baad Rubens aapan maiya ke saathe Antwerp laut gais, jahaan pe uske Catholic ke upbringing mila. Dharam uske jiwan me khaas sthan rakhis rahaa aur uu baad me Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting ke .^[1]

Antwerp me Rubens ke humanist sikchha milaa, jisme uu Latin aur classical literature parrhis. Chaudah saal ke umar me uu aapan artistic apprenticeship Tobias Verhaeght ke saathe suruu karis. Baad me uu city ke dui sab se achchhaa painter logan Adam van Noort aur Otto van Veen ke niche parhis.^[2] Uske pahile ke training me jaada training me uu pahile ke artist ke kaam ke paint karat rahaa. Rubens aapan parrhai ke 1598 me khalaas karis, jab uu Guild of St. Luke me ek independent master ke ruup me join karis.^[3]

Apprenticeship

Uske maut 1587 talak, Jan Rubens aapan larrka ke sikchhaa me gambhir se lagaa rahaa. Peter Paul aur uske barraa bhaiyaa, Philip rke humanist sikchhaa in Cologne me milaa rahaa jon unke Antwerp jaawe ke baad talak chalte rahaa. Uu log Latin school of Rombout (Romuldus) Verdonck, Antwerp me bharti rahin, jahaan pe uulogan Latin aur classical literature parrhat rahin. Philip baad me ek jaana-maana antiquarian, librarian aur philologist banaa rahaa lekin uske maut kam umar me hoe gais rahaa. Paul ke ek schoolmateBalthasar Moretus, Christophe Plantin ke potaa rahaa, jon ek Plantin-Moretus publishing house, Antwerp me, ke suruu kare waala rahaa. Balthasar uske jindagi bhar ke dost rahaa aur palwaar ke publishing house chalaawat rahaa.^[4] 1590 me, duuno bhaiyaa logan ke aapan parrhai ke rok ke kaam suruu kare ke parraa rahaa, jisse uulog aapan bahini, Blandina ke khaatir dahej batore sake.

Jab bhaiyaa Philip aapans humanistic aur scholarly sikchhaa jaari rakkhis rahaa ek private teacher ke ruup me kaam kar ke , Peter Paul, Countess Marguerite de Ligne-Arenberg ke page banaa, jiske sasur Spanish Netherlands ke governor general rahaa. Countess, Count Philippe de Lalaing ke bidhwa rahii aur Oudenaarde me rahat rahii. Jab ki uu intellectually aur temperamentally ek courtier ke kaam ke khaatir thik rahaa, Rubens chhotaa se Hans Holbein the Younger aur Tobias Stimmer ke kaam se attracted rahaa, jiske uu achchhaa se copy karis rahaa, Marcantonio Raimondi ke engravings , Raphael ke baad.^[5] UU aapan ambition, ek chitrkaar bane ke khaatir landscape painter Tobias Verhaecht ke ssathe, 1592 me aapan apprentiship suruu karis rahaa.^[6] Verhaecht ke saadi Suzanna van Mockenborch se, jon Peter Paul Rubens's stepfather Jan de Landmetere ke poti rahis aur aapan maiyaa ke sousin rahii se bhais rahaa.^[7] Ii palwaar ke connection, Verhaecht ke aapan pahila first master ke chunnaa, ke samjhaawe hae.

Rubens, Verhaecht ke workshop ek saal baad chhorr ke history painting me lag gais, landscape painting ke chhorr ke.^[5] Iske baad uu uu aapan sikchhaa jaari rakkis rahaa city ke ek leading painters, artist Adam van Noort. Van Noort ek Romanist rahaa, ek term jon uu chitrkaar khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa jon Low Countries ke rahin aur Rome aawe rahin Italian chitrkaar, jaise Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael aur Titian se sikhe aur aapan ghare laut ke chitr banae rahin jon Italian innovations ke dekhaat rahin. Rubens ke apprenticeship van Noort ke saathe chaar saal talak rahaa jon time uu improved his handling of figures and faces.^[8]

Uu baad me Romanist painter, Otto van Veen ke niche sikchhaa paais rahaa.^[9] Van Veen, Rubens ke uu intellectual aur artistic stimulation diis jon uske temperament ke suit karat rahaa. Van Veen, paanch saal talak Italy me rahaa aur ek achchhaa portraitist rahaa aur uske churraa Humanist sikchhaa rahaa. Uu Spanish royalty ke jaanat rahaa aur uske ek court painter Albert VII, Archduke of Austria aur Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, the sovereigns of the Spanish Netherlands, khaatir banaawa gais rahaa.^[8] Van Veen instill karis rahaa, Rubens me, 'pictor doctus' (learned painter) ke ideal, jon chitrkaari ke samjhe hae ke khaali practice ke jaruri hae, lekin knowledge of art theory, Classical art and literature, aur masters of the Italian Renaissance ke bhi jaruri hae. Uu Rubens ke 'code of conduct' se introduce karis rahaa, jiske court painters ke jaruri rahaa, jiske jaruri rahaa safaltaa haasil kare ke khaatir.^[10] Rubens aapan apprenticeship van Veen ke saathe 1598 me khalaas karis rahaa, jon saal uu Guild of St. Luke ke join karis ek independent master ke ruup me. Independent master ban ke, uske commission le ke aur apprentices ke train ke ke ijaajat milaa. Uske pahila pupil Deodat del Monte rahaa jon baad me uske saathe Italy gais rahaa.^[11] Uu van Veen ke studio me ek assistant rahaa, ek independent master bane se pahile. Ii time ke uske kaam, jaise Adam and Eve (Rubenshuis, Antwerp, c. 1599) aur Battle of the Amazons (Sanssouci Picture Gallery, Potsdam) master van Veen ke influence dekhae hae.^[5] Ii style me dher Italianate mannerism rahaa jon Antwerp workshop tradition and the Italian art theory of the Renaissance se constrained rahaa.^[10]

Italy (1600–1608)

1600 me Rubens Italy gais aapan pahila pupil Deodat del Monte ke saathe. Uulog pahile Venice me rukin,^[12] jahaan pe uu Titian, Veronese, aur Tintoretto ke chitrkaari ke dekhis rahaa. Veronese aur Tintoretto ke colouring aur compositions ke Rubens ke chitrkaari pe instant impact rahaa, aur baad me uske, mature style per Titian ke asar rahaa.^[13] Jab uuu Venice gais rahaa tab Duke Vincenzo I Gonzaga of Mantua bhi huan rahaa. Ii hoe sake hae ki Duke uske ii time hire karis rahaa nai to Otto van Veen, jon Archdukes Albert aur Isabella ke court painter rahaa, joint governors of the Spanish Netherlands, Rubens ke Duke se introduce karis rahaa jab uu Brussels court gais rahaa. Chhotaa Duchy of Mantua jaana-maana rahaa ek art centre ke ruup me aur Duke ek avid art collector rich collection of Italian masters rahaa. Rubens jaada kar ke portraits Duke ke palwaar ke paint karis rahaa aur famous Renaissance paintings in the Duke's collection ke bhi copy karis rahaa.^[5] Duke ke financial support se, Rubens Rome gais, Florence hote hue, 1601 me. Huan pe uu classical Greek aur Roman art parrhis rahaa aur Italian masters ke kaam ke copy karis rahaa. Hellenistic sculpture Laocoön and His Sons khaas kar ke uske khaatir influential rahaa, aur iske saathe Michelangelo, Raphael aur Leonardo ke art bhi.^[14]

References

↑ Belkin (1998): 11–18.
↑ Held (1983): 14–35.
↑ Belkin (1998): 22–38.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named whi
1 2 3 4 Hans Devisscher. "Verhaecht, Tobias." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 29 May 2024
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lamster
↑ Marie-Anne Lescourret, Rubens: A Portrait, Ivan R. Dee, 21 May 2002
1 2 Paul Oppenheimer, Rubens: a portrait . New York, 2002, pp. 121–123
↑ Held (1983): 14–35.
1 2 Paul Huvenne, Rubens's Flemish Heritage Archived 16 Juun 2024 at the Wayback Machine, October 2013, in CODART
↑ Belkin (1998): 22–38.
↑ Noyes, Ruth S. (2017). Peter Paul Rubens and the Counter-Reformation Crisis of the Beati moderni. Routledge. ISBN 978-1351613200. https://books.google.com/books?id=kC82DwAAQBAJ&q=rubens+1600+arrival+venice&pg=PT271.
↑ Belkin (1998): 42, 57.
↑ Belkin (1998): 52–57

[1] Belkin (1998): 11–18.

[2] Held (1983): 14–35.

[3] Belkin (1998): 22–38.

[whi-4] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named whi

[ox-5] 1 2 3 4 Hans Devisscher. "Verhaecht, Tobias." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 29 May 2024

[lamster-6] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lamster

[7] Marie-Anne Lescourret, Rubens: A Portrait, Ivan R. Dee, 21 May 2002

[oppen-8] 1 2 Paul Oppenheimer, Rubens: a portrait . New York, 2002, pp. 121–123

[9] Held (1983): 14–35.

[cod-10] 1 2 Paul Huvenne, Rubens's Flemish Heritage Archived 16 Juun 2024 at the Wayback Machine, October 2013, in CODART

[11] Belkin (1998): 22–38.

[12] Noyes, Ruth S. (2017). Peter Paul Rubens and the Counter-Reformation Crisis of the Beati moderni. Routledge. ISBN 978-1351613200. https://books.google.com/books?id=kC82DwAAQBAJ&q=rubens+1600+arrival+venice&pg=PT271.

[13] Belkin (1998): 42, 57.

[14] Belkin (1998): 52–57

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]