Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: SCT, TP, DSS, AJO-M, and JvD have received research funding from EU Horizon (HORIZON-HLTH-2023-DISEASE-03, ID101137378); KT declares no competing interests. TP declares to have shares in “Psyon s.r.o.”, in “Společnost pro podporu neurovědního výzkumu s.r.o” and AVI-X Aviation Experts s.r.o, and that he founded the “PSYRES—Psychedelic Research Foundation”; has received consulting fees from GH Research and CB21-Pharma outside the submitted work; has been/was involved in Compass Pathways, MAPS, GH-Research & Ketabon clinical trials; has been/was supported by grants from the Czech Health Research Council (project NU21-04-00307 and NW24-04-00413), Czech Science Foundation (project 23-07578K, 20-25349S and 21-32608S), Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic (project VK01010212), Long-term conceptual development of research organization (RVO 00023752), program INTER-EXCELLENCE subprogram INTER-ACTION LUAIZ24146), ERDF-Project Brain dynamics, No. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004643, project VVI CZECRIN (LM2023049), and Charles University research program Cooperatio-Neurosciences; receives private funds via PSYRES, Psychedelic Research Foundation (https://psyresfoundation.eu). DSS has received consulting fees from Clerkenwell health as a scientific advisor; payments or honoraria for lectures, keynote talks, presentations and educational events; is also a core member of the ECNP psychedelic research group and a Board member of the Ethics Committee at the Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen; has contracts with Filament Health and Avextra, which provide GMP psilocybin for two separate clinical trials. AJO-M has been the recipient of a grant from Schuhfried GmBH for norming and validation of cognitive tests, is the institutional PI of trials involving aticaprant for major depressive disorder (EudraCT NUMBERS: 2022-000439-22, 2022-000430-42); has received consultancy fees from Bioprojet Pharma and NaturalX Health Ventures (all outside the submitted work); has received payment, honoraria, or support for attending meetings (2023) and participating in advisory boards (2023; 2024) from Janssen-Cilag Ltd; is Vice President of the Portuguese Society for Psychiatry and Mental Health; is head of the Psychiatry Working Group for the National Board of Medical Examination at the Portuguese Medical Association and Portuguese Ministry of Health; is President of the Ethics Committee for the Public Institute for Addictive Behaviors and Dependence; and is President of the Scientific Council of the Portuguese Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Foundation. JvD has received grants from Health Holland Top Sector Life Sciences & Health Top Consortia for Knowledge and Innovations (TKI) (Grant number: LSHM22041), a public-private partnership aimed at developing pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder that includes co-funding from Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Compass Pathways, and Novartis Pharma. RAS collaborated in clinical trials sponsored by GH Research and Novartis; initiated the Netherlands Network for Hard to Treat Depression (a public–private partnership for research and implementation of novel interventions funded by Health Holland, with co-funding from J&J, Novartis, and Compass Pathways); and received a consultancy fee from Clexio Biosciences, all outside the submitted work. None of the agencies had a role in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.