Umuce:Ubutunzi
Ubutunzi ni urutonde rw'amatungo, ibikoresho canke ibindi bintu bifise agaciro umuntu, umuryango, ishirahamwe canke igihugu bitunze. Mu bumenyi bw'ubutunzi (économie), ubutunzi bwerekeza ku mutungo wose ushobora gutanga akamaro canke agaciro mu buzima bw'abantu. Ubutunzi bushobora kuba amafaranga, amatongo, amazu, ibitungwa, amashirahamwe, ubuhinga canke ubundi buryo bw'amatungo bufise agaciro ku muntu canke ku kibano.[1]
Insobanuro
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]Abahinga mu vy'ubutunzi batandukanya ubutunzi ninjiza. Injiza ni amafaranga canke inyungu umuntu aronka mu kiringo kinaka, mu gihe ubutunzi ari ivyo amaze kwegeranya mu buzima bwiwe canke mu gihe kirekire. Ubutunzi bushobora kwiyongera biciye mu kuziganya, mw'ishoramari canke mu kwongereza umusaruro w'ibikorwa vy'ubutunzi.[2]
Amoko y'ubutunzi
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]Ubutunzi bushobora kugabanywa mu mice myinshi:
Ubutunzi bw'umubiri
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]Ni amatungo ashobora kuboneka no gukorwako, nk'amazu, amatongo, ibinyabiziga, ibikoresho vy'akazi n'ibitungwa.
Ubutunzi bw'amafaranga
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]Bugizwe n'amafaranga, imigabane mu mashirahamwe, amabanki n'ibindi bikoresho vy'imari bifise agaciro.
Ubutunzi bw'ubwenge
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]Ni ubumenyi, ubuhinga, inyigisho hamwe n'ubushobozi umuntu afise kandi bushobora gutuma aronka inyungu canke umusaruro.
Ubutunzi kamere
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]Ni amatungo ava muri kamere nk'amazi, amashyamba, ubutare, amavuta y'agataka n'ubutaka bwimbuka.
Ubutunzi mu mateka y'ivyiyumviro vy'ubutunzi
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]Mu mwaka w'1776, umuhinga mu vy'ubutunzi Adam Smith yasohoye igitabu An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Ivyerekeye kamere n'imvo z'ubutunzi bw'amahanga). Muri ico gitabu, yerekanye ko ubutunzi bw'igihugu budashingiye gusa ku kwegeranya zahabu n'ifeza, ahubwo bushingiye ku bushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro, ku kugabana ibikorwa vy'akazi no ku budandaji bwidegemvya.[3][4]
Ivyiyumviro vya Adam Smith vyagize uruhara runini mu kwubaka ubumenyi bwa none bw'ubutunzi no mu gutahura ingene ubutunzi bw'ibihugu buremwa kandi bugasangira mu banyagihugu.[5]
Ubutunzi n'iterambere
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]Mu bihugu vyinshi, ubutunzi bufatwa nk'ikimenyetso c'iterambere ry'ubutunzi. Ariko rero, abahinga berekana ko kugira ubutunzi bwinshi bitama bisigura ko abanyagihugu bose babayeho neza. Uko ubutunzi bugabanijwe mu kibano ni kimwe mu bipimo bihambaye mu gupima iterambere n'ubutungane mu mibano.[6]
Ibihugu bishobora kugira ubutunzi bwinshi ariko hakabaho ikinyuranyo kinini hagati y'abatunzi n'abakene. Ni co gituma ibibazo vy'ukugabanya ubutunzi mu buryo bubereye biri mu vyigwa cane n'abahinga mu vy'ubutunzi n'imibano.
Inkomoko z'ubutunzi
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]Ubutunzi bushobora guturuka mu:
- Uburimyi n'ubworozi
- Ubudandaji
- Inganda
- Ishoramari
- Ubuhinga bwa none
- Ubucukuzi bw'amatungo kamere
- Serivisi zitandukanye
Raba kandi
[hinyanyura inyandiko | hinyanyura inkomoko]== Inyandiko zifashishijwe ==
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Economics", https://www.britannica.com/money/economics
- ↑ International Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Adam Smith", https://iep.utm.edu/smith/
- ↑ Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Adam Smith", https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adam-Smith
- ↑ World History Encyclopedia, "Adam Smith", https://www.worldhistory.org/Adam_Smith/
- ↑ New economic windows on income and wealth, arXiv, https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06076
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