| Citing
Maps
When
maps are used, the source of the map must be credited or cited.
This
document will describe how to cite the maps used and encountered
by Geography students. Formats are given followed by
citation examples.
INTRODUCTION
CITING MAPS FROM PRINT SOURCES
Map in a Book | Map in a Periodical Article | Map or Plate in an Atlas
Atlas | Book | Periodical Article | Topographic
Map
CITING
MAPS FROM THE WEB
Static Digital Map | Interactive Reference
Map | Interactive Thematic Map
Real Time Image | Real Time Map
REFERENCES
CONSULTED
INTRODUCTION
Maps are found
in a wide variety of materials throughout the library: as single sheets
in a map collection, as government publications, as plates in atlases,
as illustrations in books or journals. Digital maps are found on
any of numerous web sites, in online research collections, or can be
dynamically generated using online mapping services. Just as in
written work, ethical scholarship demands that the source of
information be cited.
When maps
are used as part of a document, like maps you might include in a
scholarly assignment or paper, the maps must be
referenced (cited) in two places. First, maps must be given a
caption. Typically, tables, figures, or maps are labeled with a
sequential number in a document (e.g. Map 1, Map 2, etc.) They
are given a short caption, which briefly identifies the source and
contains a descriptive title. These captions follow specific
style. When maps are identified in this way, it is possible to
easily refer to the map in the text (e.g. population densities, as
shown in Map 3, continue to….). This is one form of inline
citation and is the form used in Geography 222.
Brief
inline citations allow the reader to refer to a reference list (or
bibliography) to find out more information about the source of a
map. All scholarly papers contain a reference list. This second
citation is where complete documentation and credit for an information
source is given. Reference lists also follow a specific
style. The style used in Geography 222 and by most scholarly
journals in Geography is called Chicago Style, taken from The
Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. While all Chicago Style
citations follow a similar form, there are specific differences based
upon the source of the material.
CITING MAPS FROM PRINT
SOURCES
When creating
citations, it is important to follow the form as precisely as you
can. Here are some Rules of Thumb:
- If the
author or editor of a work cannot be determined it is okay to leave it
out.
- If the
map does not have a formal title, you will have given it one for your
caption. Use this derived title for the map title and place it
brackets [ ] to indicate it is a derived title.
- The
format of works like maps must always be specified in brackets
[map].
- The
scale must be documented if known and if the scale is not known, you
must use the phrase “Scale not given.”
- Edition
numbers are used only for editions newer than the first, e.g. 2nd ed.,
3rd ed., and the word edition is abbreviated to a lower case “ed.”
- Volume
numbers are expressed as just the number, e.g. 3.
- The date
may or may not be encased in ( ), pay attention to
the form.
- Page
number(s) may or may not include the abbreviation “p.” Where
necessary, the range of pages is given.
Map in a Book
Citation Diagram
Map Author
if known. Title of Map [map]. Scale if known. In: Book
Author.
Title of Book. Edition. Place of
Publication: Publisher, date, page
number.
Baum, Frank
L. The Yellow Brick Road [map]. Scale not
given. In: Frank
L. Baum. The Wizard of Oz. Kansas City: Munchkin,
Inc., 1938, p.32.
Map in a Periodical
Article Citation Diagram
Map Author
if known. Map Title [map]. Scale if known. In:
Article Author.
"Article Title," Journal Title volume (year): page.
Verne,
Jules. The Bottom of the Sea [map]. ½” = 20
leagues. In: Jules
Verne. "Fantastic Voyage," Travel and Leisure 56: (1852):
127.
Map or Plate in an Atlas
Citation Diagram
Map Author
if known. Map Title [map]. Scale. In: Author of
Atlas. Atlas
Title. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, date,
page number.
Sin City
[map]. 1:62,500. In: Dante Alighieri.
The Under-World Atlas.
2nd ed. Hades: Firestorm Press, 1298, p. 13.
Atlas Citation Diagram
Author.
Title. Editon. Place of
Publication: Publisher, date.
National
Geographic Society. Atlas of the World. Washington,
D.C:
National Geographic Society, 1999.
Book Citation
Diagram
Author.
Title. Place of Publication: Publisher,
date.
Meridian,
Merry. Lines for All Occasions. Greenwich: Straight
Shooter
Press, 1985.
Periodical Article Citation
Diagram
Author.
“Title of Article.” Title of Journal volume number
(date): page.
Krygier,
John B., David H. Hickcox, and Richard D. Fusch. “Go Up
Yonder
and Turn Right or Left: Directions for Successful Field
Work.”
Journal for the Edification of Geographers 3 (1998):
1-27.
Map in a Topographic Series, Print
Format Citation Diagram
Map 1.
USGS. "Eastford quadrangle, Connecticut" 1:24,000.
Author.
Sheet title from series [format].
Edition. Scale. Series, number.
Place of publication: Publisher, date.
U.S.
Geological Survey. Eastford quadrangle, Connecticut
[map]. 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. Washington D.C.: USGS,
1971.
CITING MAPS FROM THE WEB
In your work,
you will be using two kinds of maps obtained through the web. The
first kind of map is a static digital map.
This is a map that you might find in a digital map collection.
These maps are pre-existing, scanned images and are not interactive:
they are a digital snapshot. Often, these maps are from
paper sources. Even if you zoom in on such a map snapshot, you
have not changed the image as it was originally scanned. The second
kind of map is one that you generate interactively,
like those found on MapQuest or in the American FactFinder. In
this kind of map, you are building the map you want online, adding and
subtracting layers, by interacting with the site.
When you
use any of these maps in your work, you must cite the source - just
as you would cite the source of a journal article. If you are
using a map in a paper, you must cite the map both in a caption under
the map and in a reference list at the end of the paper. What
follows are specific directions for creating these citations.
Because URLs can be unwieldy to text editing systems, it is permissible
to left justify all lines of a citation, instead of indenting as in
print.
Map Snapshots: Static Digital
Map Citation Diagram
Map 2.
"Delaware, Ohio." 1885. Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps,
1867-1970 - Ohio.
Author if
known. Map Title [map]. Date of map creation if
known. Scale. “Title of the Complete Document or Site”.
Date posted if known. Computer Database Title. <URL>
(date accessed).
Delaware,
Ohio [map]. 1885. Scale not given. “Sanborn Fire
Insurance Maps, 1867-1970 – Ohio”. OhioLINK Digital Media Center.
<http://dmc.ohiolink.edu/mrsid/bin/viewmap.pl?client=Sanborn&
image=Bdg/SanMaps/reel28/6674/00001.sid&oid=Reel28-6674-00001&
sessionID=2108467497&title=Delaware%2C+Ohio&date=February%2C+1885&
format=list&results=20&sort=thedate&searchstatus=1&hits=136&count=1>
(2
May 2005).
Map
Generators and Browsers:
Interactive
Reference and Thematic Maps.
These maps
require a slightly different citation format in that the name of the
mapping service must be identified as well as the name of the person
generating the map.
Interactive Reference
Map Citation Diagram
Map 3.
"Delaware, Ohio" MapQuest.com, Inc.
Author or
statement of responsibility. Map Title [map]. Data date
if known. Scale; Name of person who generated map; Name of
software used to generate the map or “Title of the Complete Document or
Site”. <URL> (date generated).
Delaware,
Ohio [map]. 2001. Scale undetermined; generated by Deb
Peoples; using “MapQuest.com, Inc”.
<http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?searchtype=address&
country=US&addtohistory=&searchtab=home&address=&city=delaware&
state=oh&zipcode=> (2 May 2005)
Interactive Thematic
Map Citation Diagram
Map 4.
"Merced, California, 1990 Household Size". U.S. Census Bureau
Author or
statement of responsibility. Map Title [map]. Data date
if known. Scale; Name of person who generated map; Name of
software used to generate the map or “Title of the Complete Document or
Site”. <URL> (date generated).
U.S. Census
Bureau. Merced, California, 1990 Household Size [map].
1990. 1:91,302; generated by Deb Peoples; using 1998 TIGER/Line.
<http://tiger.census.gov/cgi-bin/mapbrowse-tbl/>
(7 Feb. 2002).
Real
Time Maps and Images
Real time
maps and images differ from map generators and browsers in that they
consist of continuously updated images or maps usually focused on a
particular topic or site. These are, in essence, "live maps."
Real Time Image Citation
Diagram
Map 5.
"Ohio Wesleyan University." JAYwalkCAM.
Author or
statement of responsibility. Title [format]. Date
produced and time if known. Scale. “Title of Complete
Document or Site”. <URL> (date accessed).
Ohio
Wesleyan University. Ohio Wesleyan University [image]. 7
Feb. 2002. Scale not given. “The JAYwalkCAM”.
<http://jaywalkcam.owu.edu/>
(7 February
2002).
Real Time Map Citation
Diagram
Map 6.
ADOT, “Current Phoenix Freeway Conditions”
Author or
statement of responsibility. Title [format]. Date
produced and time if known. Scale. “Title of Complete
Document or Site”. <URL> (date accessed).
Arizona
Department of Transportation, Current Phoenix Freeway Conditions
[map]. 2/6/02, 15:07:20. Scale not given. “Arizona
Department of Transportation”. <http://www.az511.com/RoadwayConditions/index.php>
(2 May 2005).
REFERENCES CONSULTED
Clark,
Suzanne M., Mary Lynette Larsgaard, and Cynthia M. Teague.
Cartographic Citations: A Style Guide, MAGERT Circular No. 1.
Chicago: American Library Association, 1992.
Harnack,
Andrew and Eugene Kleppinger, “Using Chicago Style to write
and Document Sources,” In: Online: A Reference Guide to Using
Internet Sources2001
<http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite7.html>
(6 Feb. 2002).
Perry,
Joanne. Map Librarian, Pennsylvania State University
Libraries.
Personal communication. 5 Feb. 2002.
U.S. Census
Bureau. Suggested Citation Styles for our Internet Information. 2 Feb.
2001.<http://www.census.gov/main/www/citation.html>
(7 Feb. 2002).
Deborah Carter Peoples
Science Librarian
Librarian Liaison to
Geography and Environmental Studies
Ohio Wesleyan
University Libraries and Information Services
Last updated
5/2/05.
Geography 222 The Power of Maps and GIS is a
faculty/librarian collaboration for course enhancement with principles
of Information Literacy. Support for this project was provided by
the Five Colleges of Ohio Mellon Grant for Information Literacy.
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