1519
- February 18
- Hernando Cortez of Spain sails from Cuba to conquer Mexico with 11 vessels, 110 seamen, 553 soldiers, 30 musketeers, 32 crossbowmen, 200 local Indians, 14 artillery pieces, and 16 horses, the first in the Americas. [1303.46]
- March 4
- Hernando Cortez sails from Cozumel to the continent. [1303.56]
- March 13
- Hernando Cortez lands in México. [1]
- March 25
- Hernando Cortez leads his Spanish and Indian forces in a large battle outside Tabasco, Mexico. An estimated 40,000 natives versus 600 men of Cortez. An estimated 20,000 dead natives, 2 Spaniards killed. The remaining natives agree to submit unconditionally to Cortez' authority, and convert to Catholicism. [1303.59]
- April
- Hernando Cortez of Spain found city of Villa Rosa de la Vera Cruz, the Rich City of the True Cross. (A few miles north of present-day Vera Cruz, Mexico.) [1303.93]
1521
- May 3
- The Spanish under Hernando Cortez begin the fight for Mexico City. (The battle lasts 75 days.) [1303.226]
- August 13
- Aztec Emperor Guatemozin orders Mexicans to cease fighting the Spanish for Mexico City, which they do. After 75 days, 150,000 Mexicans, 100 Spanish soldiers and thousands of allies are dead. [1] [1303.210]
1524
- October 12
- Hernando Cortez of Spain begins trip from Mexico City to Honduras, with 100 Spanish horsemen, 50 infantry, 3000 Mexican soldiers. [1303.252]
1808
- September 15
- Gabriel J. de Yermo stages a coup in Mexico, replacing provisional governor José de Iturrigaray with General Pedro de Garibay. [479.50]
1810
- September 15
- Father Hidalgo calls on parishoners to join the cause of independece of Mexico from Spanish rule, with a cry of "Grito de Dolores". [446.50]
- September 16
- Hidalgo leads the revolution for independence of Mexico from Spain. [1] [450.85]
1811
- March 21
- Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (Mexican freedom fighter) is captured by the Spanish. [446.50]
- July 30
- Death of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, executed by Spanish firing squad during Mexican War of Independence. [446.50] (July 31 [1])
1813
- November 6
- Chilpancingo congress declares Mexico independent of Spain. [1]
1815
- November 5
- José Maria Morelos y Pavón, Mexican revolutionary priest, is executed by Spaniards. [446.50]
1821
- February 24
- Mexico gains independence from Spain. [1]
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- September 27
- Revolutionary forces occupy Mexico City as Spanish withdraw. [1]
- Mexico achieves independence from Spanish rule. [1] [1113.150]
1822
- January 5
- Central America proclaims annexation to Mexican Empire. [1]
- July 25
- General Agustín de Iturbide is crowned Agustín I, first emperor of México. [1]
- December 12
- US government officially recognizes Mexico as an independent nation. [1]
1823
- July 1
- United Provinces of Central America gains independence from Mexico. [1]
1824
- October 4
- Mexico becomes a republic. [1]
1833
- May 16
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (1st time) of Mexico. [118.61]
- June 3
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (1st time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
- June 18
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (2nd time) of Mexico. [118.61]
- July 5
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (2nd time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
- October 27
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (3rd time) of Mexico. [118.61]
- December 15
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (3rd time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
1834
- April 24
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (4th time) of Mexico. [118.61]
1835
- January 27
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (4th time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
1836
- February 24
- 3,000 Mexicans attack 182 Texans at the Alamo. [1]
- In San Antonio, Texas, Colonel William Travis issues a call for help on behalf of the Texan troops defending the Alamo, a fortress under attack by the Mexican army. [129]
- March 2
- Republic of Texas declares independence from Mexico. [1] [400.94]
- March 6
- Mexican forces storm the Alamo through a gap in the fort's outer wall. [129]
- After a thirteen-day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 187 Texas volunteers defending the Alamo are defeated and the fort is captured. [1] [5]
- March 16
- Texas approves a constitution. [1]
- March 17
- Texas abolishes slavery. [1]
- April 21
- Battle of San Jacinto, in which Texas wins independence from México. [1] [605.64]
- May 14
- Texas officially becomes an independent republic. [129]
- December 28
- Spain recognizes independence of México. [1]
1838
- November 27
- French Admiral Baudin with fleet off Veracruz, Mexico, opens fire on fort of San Juan de Ulúa, killing 64, wounding 147. Mexican generals surrender the fort and Veracruz. French install 3000-man occupation force. [118.58]
- December 5
- 1500 French marines row ashore to Veracruz, Mexico, seize the fort's bastions, pack the fortress with gunpowder, and blow it up, retreating back to ships. Antonio López de Santa Anna is shot in the leg. Both sides lose about 8 dead and 60 wounded. [118.60]
1839
- March 20
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (5th time) of Mexico. [118.61]
- July 10
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (5th time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
1841
- October 10
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (6th time) of Mexico. [118.61]
1842
- October 26
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (6th time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
1843
- March 4
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (7th time) of Mexico. [118.61]
- October 4
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (7th time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
1844
- June 4
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (8th time) of Mexico. [118.61]
- September 12
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (8th time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
1845
- March 28
- Mexico drops diplomatic relations with US. [1]
1846
- January 1
- Yucatan declares independence from México. [1]
- April 25
- Mexican troops kill and wound American soldiers on patrol near Rio Grande. [549.56]
- May 3
- Mexican army surrounds fort in Texas. [1]
- May 8
- First major battle of Mexican War fought at Palo Alto, Texas. American brigadier general Zachary Talyor's army defeats a much larger Mexican force. [1] [573.84]
- May 9
- American brigadier general Zachary Talyor's army defeats a Mexican force at Reseca de la Palma. [1] [573.84]
- May 13
- US declares war on México, two months after fighting began. [1] [549.56]
- May 24
- General Zachary Taylor captures Monterrey in Mexican War. [1]
- August 18
- General Stephen W Kearney's US forces captures Santa Fe, New Mexico. [1]
- August 22
- US annexes New Mexico. [1]
1847
- January 24
- 1,500 New Mexican Indians and Mexicans defeated by US Colonel Price. [1]
- February 23
- Battle of Buena Vista, México; American major general Zachary Taylor defeats Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and Mexican army. [1] [573.84]
- February 28
- US defeats México in battle of Sacramento. [1]
- March 7
- US General Scott occupies Vera Cruz, Mexico. [1]
- March 21
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (9th time) of Mexico. [118.61]
- March 29
- 12,000 US troops capture Vera Cruz, Mexico. [1]
- April 2
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (9th time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
- May 20
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (10th time) of Mexico. [118.61]
- September 14
- US troops under General Scott enter Mexico City. [1]
- September 15
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (10th time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
1848
- February 2
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends US-Mexican War; US acquires 500,000 square miles of land: Texas, California, New Mexico, and Arizona for $15 million. [1] [549.56] [845] [1021.982]
- May 19
- The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Mexican-American War, is ratified by the Mexican government. [845]
- August 17
- Yucatán officially unites with Mexico. [845]
1851
- January 15
- General Arista replaces Mexican President Herrera. [1]
1853
- April 20
- Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President (11th time) of Mexico. [118.61]
- December 30
- Gadsden Purchase - about 30,000 square miles (77,000 km) by Gila River from México for $10 million; area is now southern Arizona and New Mexico. [1] [444.70]
1854
- January 18
- Filibuster William Walker proclaims Republic of Sonora in Northwest México. [1]
1855
- August 9
- Battle of Acapulco during Mexican Liberal uprising. [1]
- Antonio López de Santa Anna resigns (11th and last time) as President of Mexico. [118.61]
1858
- April 15
- Battle of Azimghur, Mexicans defeat Spanish loyalists. [1]
- May 4
- War of the Reform (México); Liberals establish capital at Vera Cruz. [1]
1859
- March 18
- Vera Cruz besieged by Miramón (Cons) in Mexican War of Reform. [1]
- April 6
- US recognizes Liberal government in México's War of the Reform. [1]
1861
- January 1
- Porfirio Diaz conquers Mexico City. [1]
- January 11
- Mexico City captured by Juárez (Liberal) in War of the Reform. [1]
- March 15
- Mexican President Juárez decrees decimal monetary system, silver peso duro 0.902784 fine, 1/17 of pound weight, gold coins 0.875 fine, and 1-centavo copper coin 0.32 ounce weight. [1042.791]
1862
- May 5
- French army intervenes in Puebla, México: Cinco de Mayo. [1] [1072.36]
1863
- October 26
- President Juárez of Mexico signs decree authorizing striking of 5- and 10-centavo silver coins. [1042.792]
1864
- April 10
- Austrian Archduke Maximilian becomes emperor of México. [1]
- May 29
- Mexican Emperor Maximilian arrives at Vera Cruz. [1]
1867
- March 12
- Last French troops leave Mexico. [1]
- May 5
- Battle of Pueblo; Mexicans defeat Maximilian's forces (Cinco de Mayo). [1]
- June 19
- Maximilian, Mexican emperor, is executed; Mexican republic is restored. [1]
- November 2
- Porfirio Diaz assumes the provisional presidency of Mexico. [450.86]
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