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Sergey Yatsenko

Russian State University for the Humanities, Dep. of the History and Theory of Culture, Faculty Member

Early Steppe Nomadic peoples migrations and social life +26

Born in May 15, 1957 in Rostov-on-Don city (Soviet Union / Russia).
Married, have one child.

Education:
Rostov State University (now South Federal University), Fac. of History, graduated in 1981. Archaeologist.

Scientific degrees:
- Post-Doctoral Dissertation “Costume of the Ancient Iranian-Speaking Peoples and the Methods of its Historic-Cultural Reconstruction” (December 2002, Russian State University for the Humanities, in Russian).
- PhD diss. – Moscow State University, 1987.
- Magister diss. on the ancient nomadic Sarmatian headdresses, Rostov State University, 1981.

University lecturer since 1982; in Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH) since 1999. Vice-dean of the RSUH’ Fac. of the History of Art in 2001-2010.

Present positions:
Professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities (Moscow), Dep. of the History and Theory of Culture (since 2005).

Specialist on archeology. art and history of the ancient Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking peoples (mainly nomadic) – the their costume, art iconography, nishan/tamga clan and family signs, burial traditions and nomadic groups ethnic and social history, on the necropolises planigraphy (more than 300 publications, mainly in Russian and in English).

Archaeological expeditions’ participation since 1975 (in the Northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan, South Siberia and Mongolia).

Member of European Association of Archaeologists (EAA), sometimes, since 2001

E-mail address: sergey_yatsenko@mail.ru (+ arta-farn@yandex.ru + hamardaban@gmail.com ).

Mob. +7 906 042 96 11.

Work Address: Fac. of Cultural Studies, RSUH, 6, Miusskaya pl., Moscow, 125993, Russia
Home address: 5-1-66, Sayanskaya ul., Moscow, 111531, Russia.
Phone: +79060429611
Address: Prof. Yatsenko Sergey A., 5-1-66, Sayanskaya ul., Moscow, 111531, Russia

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Books

Chapters "Sogdian Costume" and "Sogdians on Chinese Terracotta of Tang Period", in: Sogdia - the Heart of the Silk Road / Главы "Костюм согдийцев" и "Согдийцы на китайской терракоте эпохи Тан" в: Согдиана - сердце Шелкового пути (in Uzbek, English, Russian)

Sogdia - the Heard of the Silk Road, Tashkent, 2021

АРХЕОЛОГИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ КАНГЮЙСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА / ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF KANGJU STATE

by Sergey Yatsenko, Asan Torgoev, Egor Kitov, and Alexey Rogozhinskiy

Collection Monograph / Ed. by S.A. Yatsenko, 2020

Yatsenko S.A., Avizova А.К, Torgoev A.I., Saipov A., Kulish A.V., Kitov E.P., Rogozhinskii A.E., ... more Yatsenko S.A., Avizova А.К, Torgoev A.I., Saipov A., Kulish A.V., Kitov E.P., Rogozhinskii A.E., Smagulov E.A., Erzhigitova A.A., Torezhanova N.Zh., Tur S.S., Ivanov S.S. Archaeology and History of Cangju State / Ed. by Sergey A. Yatsenko. Shymkent: Әlem, 2020, 216 pp + 112 pls. (in Russian). ISBN 978-9965-19-600-3.

You can also DOWNLOAD the book in my post box: https://cloud.mail.ru/publc/45au/37gyXDKV6 , ca 48 mbt.

SUMMARY:
by the editor
The collective book is the first big special international study devoted to the little-studied Kangju / Kanga /康居"nomadic empire". Its heyday was in the 80 – 230 CE and the center located in the Middle Syr Darya Basin. That time Kangju was the most powerful state in the West of the Central Asia. The heyday of Kangju coincided with the great time of antiquity – with the simultaneous heyday of the Roman Empire, the Han Dynasty China, the Parthian Iran and the Kushan Empire. The role of Kangju was crucial in the emergence of the "Northern Road" from 20 BCE - an important route of the newly emerged Silk Road. At the same time, Kangju was the only state in the western part of Central Asia that consistently opposed China. It was a long-lived state with almost 5-century history (ca 130 BCE – 350 CE). The history of this state is closely related to the early fate of the famous peoples of the past – the Alans and the southern Huns (Chionites). The history of Kangju is an important part of the history of peoples in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, the Russian Steppe zone to the east from Volga, some parts of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
The Kangju early state emerged as a socio-cultural synthesis of nomads and settled farmers, groups that migrated from the East and descendants of the ancient population of Transoxiana. The Kangju peoples were the first to create a series of fortified settlements on vast territories in the northernmost oases of the Syr Darya Basin and Northern Tien Shan Mountains, including several cities, and laid roads here. Kangju successfully manipulated by the certain groups of nomadic Sarmatians, Alans, Wusun, and Xiongnu to increase its power.
However, paradoxically, today we know much less about the Kangju state than, for example, about the Saka of Semirechye / Jetytu, the tribes of the Pazyryk Culture, the Eastern groups of Sarmatians and other ancient inhabitants of Kazakhstan in antiquity. Different aspects of the life of this ancient state have not yet been practically studied. This is why our book looks to the future in many ways. We did not try to create a solid generalizing work on Kangju. Such generalizations have been made several times in the past on very limited material and have not been very successful.
The book was prepared as the part of Kazakhstan President scientific programm BR05233709 “The History and Culture of the the Great Steppe”. The main idea of this collection of papers was proposed in February 2020 by Prof. Sergey A. Yatsenko (the editor, RSUH, Moscow) and Dr. Asan I. Torgoev (Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg). The chapters of the book present new, unpublished materials, give new interpretations of already known facts, or summarize the materials of field research of previous years. The opinions expressed in various chapters reflect the positions of thier 12 authors. This collection was devoted to one of the co-authors who died in October 2019 – Erbulat A. Smagulov (Almaty).

TAMGAS OF PRE-ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIA / ТАМГИ ДОИСЛАМСКОЙ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ

by Sergey Yatsenko, Alexey Rogozhinskiy, and Jangar Ilyasov

Samarkand: IICAS UNESCO, 2019

The collective book of 7 scientists from four countries: “Yatsenko S.A. (coordinator), Smagulov E... more The collective book of 7 scientists from four countries: “Yatsenko S.A. (coordinator), Smagulov E.A., Rogozhinskii A.E., Tabaldyev K.Sh., Baratov S.R., Ilyasov J.Ya., Babayarov G.B. TAMGAS OF PRE-ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIA”. Samarkand: IICAS, 2019, 452 pp. ISSN 978-9943-357-43-3 (parallel text in English and in Russian).
This book (with the big Introduction and 12 chapters) was the result of 3,5 years work of the unique international group, created for the study of very difficult problem – the complex research of one of the most popular sign systems. The idea of Project (since 2016) belonged to Erbulat Smagulov (Almaty) who died in September 2019. The main coordinator was Sergey Yatsenko (Moscow). The main theoretical Introduction was prepared jointly by Sergey Yatsenko and Alexey Rogozhinskii (Almaty), with Erbulat Smagulov participation. The main theoretical and practical issues were solved by all co-authors jointly by correspondence or during the personal meetings. Aisulu Iskanderova (Samarkand) also played an important role in preparing the manuscript for publication and in the successful implementation of the Project by IICAS. The decisive role in the early, unscheduled publication of the book on the IICAS' website belonged to the Director of the Institute Dmitry Voyakin.
The official publication of this book on the Internet opens up many new opportunities for humanitarians from various countries.

Коллективная монография 7 ученых из четырех стран: Яценко С.А. (координатор), Смагулов Е.А., Рогожинский А.Е., Табалдыев К.Ш., Баратов С.Р., Ильясов Дж.Я., Бабаяров Г.Б. «ТАМГИ ДОИСЛАМСКОЙ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ». Самарканд: МИЦАИ, 2019. 452 с. ISSN 978-9943-357-43-3 (на русск. и англ. яз. параллельно).
Эта книга (с обширным Введением и 12 главами) стала результатом 3,5 лет работы уникального международного коллектива, созданного для разработки очень сложной проблемы комплексного изучения одной из популярных в недавнем прошлом знаковых систем. Идея Проекта (с 2016 г.) принадлежала безвременного ушедшему в прошлом сентябре Ербулату Смагулову (Алматы), основным координатором текущей работы был Сергей Яценко (Москва), теоретические введение писалось Сергеем Яценко и Алексеем Рогожинским (Алматы), при участии Ербулата Смагулова. Основные теоретические и практические вопросы решались всеми соавторами совместно по переписке или во время личных встреч. Важную роль в подготовке рукописи к печати и в успешной реализации Проекта сыграла также от МИЦАИ Айсулу Искандерова (Самарканд). Решающая роль в досрочной, внеплановой публикации книги на сайте МИЦАИ принадлежала директору МИЦАИ Дмитрию Воякину.
Официальная публикация этой монографии Интернете открывает много новых возможностей перед гуманитариями разных стран.

Yatsenko S.A. Chapter 3 “Costume [of the Ancient Xinjiang]”, Moscow, 2000

Litvinsky B.A. (ed.). Eastern Turkestan in the Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages [Vol. IV]. Architecture. Art. Costume. Moscow: Vostochanya literatura, 2000, pp. 286-384 (in Russian). , 2000

This chapter “Costume” was prepared for print in 1987 but was really published only 13 years late... more This chapter “Costume” was prepared for print in 1987 but was really published only 13 years later. It was the part of 4th volume of big publication on various aspects of Xinjiang archaeology by Institute of Oriental Studies (Moscow), edited by academician Boris A. Litvinsky. It was devoted, first of all, to the costume complexes of Khotan, Kucha and the early medieval Uygurs. That time (in 1987) I hadn’t many new Chinese publications on Xinjiang archaeology because of bad relations between Soviet Union and China. But I think this work of my youth is still important for costume history of Xinjiang / Eastern Turkestan. Bibliography you can see at the end of this volume.
Yatsenko S.A. Chapter 3 “Costume”, In: Litvinsky B.A. (ed.). Eastern Turkestan in the Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages [Vol. IV]. Architecture. Art. Costume. Moscow: Vostochanya literatura, 2000, pp. 286-384 (in Russian).
Яценко С.А. Глава 3. Костюм // Восточный Туркестан в древности и раннем средневековье [том IV]. Архитектура. Искусство. Костюм (Отв. ред. Б.А. Литвинский). М.: Восточная литература, 2000, с. 286-384.
CONTENT OF CHAPTER 3 “COSTUME”:
- English Summary of Volume IV chapters.
- Introduction – pp. 296-297.
- Historiography – pp. 297-300.
- Sources – pp. 300-303.
- Illustrations [specificity] – p. 304.
- Costume of Proto-Yezhi from Cherchen – p. 305-306.
- Costume of Proto-Wusun near Turfan – p. 306.
- Costume complex of nomadic population near Lop Nor Lake of the late 2nd – early 1st mill, BCE – p. 306-309.
- Costume complex of Kroraina – pp. 309-312.
- Costume complex of Miran of the 3rd-4th cc. CE – pp. 312-313.
- Costume complex of Khotano-Sakas of Tumshuq – pp. 313-314.
- Costume complexes of the Western Oases (Kashgar, Aksu) – p. 314.
COSTUME COMPLEXES OF KHOTAN AND KUTCHA [comparative]:
- [introduction] – p.315.
- Cut of robes – pp. 315-320.
- Ratio of sleeved coats and gala shirts – pp. 320-323.
- Manner of robes’ wearing – pp. 323-327.
- Silhouette of caftans – pp. 327-335.
- Silhouette of dresses and gala shirts – pp. 334-336.
- Decolletage, sections of transparent fabric, pelerines and breast decorations – pp. 336-338.
- Wearable clothing – p. 338-339.
- Clothes’ décor – pp. 339-340.
- Skirts, trousers, aprons, special clothing around the pelvis, belts – pp. 340-342.
- Headdresses and diadems – pp. 343-346.
- Hairstyles – pp. 346-348.
- Shoes – p. 348.
- Age specificity – p. 349.
- Costume of Buddhist monks – pp. 349-350.
- Costume complex of Karashar – p. 349.
- Costume complex of Turfan – pp. 350-351.
- Costume complex of local Han peoples – p. 351.
- Costume complex of the Early Turks – p. 352.
THE INTERACTION OF COSTUME COMPLEXES OF VARIOUS PEOPLES OF XINJANG AND THE NEIGHBOURING TERRITORIES:
- Pazyryk Culture, Sakas and Xiongnu - p. 353
- Kushans – pp. 353-357.
- Sasanians – pp. 357-358.
- Bactria – Tokharistan – p. 358-359.
- Hephtalites – 359-360.
- Mysterious personages with smelling caftans to the right – pp. 360-361.
- Influence of the Early Turkic costume – p. 361-363.
- Influence of Sogdians – pp. 364-365.
- Influence of Tibetians – pp. 365-366.
- “influence” of Byzantine costume – p. 366.
- influence of costume of Han peoples – pp. 366-367.
COSTUME COMPLEX OF UYGURS OF THE 9th-12th CC.:
- Elements of costume of Han peoples - pp. 367-369.
- Color combinations – p. 369.
- 8 social groups of men and women after costume data - pp. 370-374.
- Cut of clothes, shirt, headdresses and hairstyles – pp. 375-376.
- Trousers, belts, shoes, costume of children, costume of Buddhist monks – pp. 377-379.
- Early medieval costume traditions on Uygur costume of the 19th- early 20th cc. – pp. 379-382.
- Elements of Mongolian Empire costume – pp. 382 (bibliography).
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:
Pl. 54. Costume of Xiongnu and Xiānbēi nomads near Lop Not Lake, the 1st-3rd cc. CE:
1-3, 5, 7-14, 16-20 – former Kum-Darya estuary; 4 – Loulan; 6- Lubsbogatai cemetery; 15 – Tsagaan Gol River (SW Mongolia).
Pl. 55. Hairstyles and headdresses of Khotan: 1-33 – Yotkan (a random finds); 34-35 – Dunhuang, cave 61; 36 - Rawak.
Pl. 56. Costume of Khotan (the 2nd-8th cc. CE): 1-3, 7, 11, 14 - Yotkan (a random finds); 4-5 – Rawak; 6, 11-12, 15 – Balawaste; 8, 16 – Dandan-oilik; 10, 13 – Taryshlak.
Pl. 57. Costume of Tumshuq (the 4th-5th cc.) and Turfan (the 7th – 9th-10th cc.): 1, 3-5, 7-8 – Qocho; 2, 6 – Tuyuk; 9 – Tuyuk mazar; 10 – Shikshin, ruins K; 11-20 – Toqquz-sarai monastery, Tumshuq.
Pl. 58. Costume of Tokharian-speaking peoples of Niya (the 2nd-3rd cc.), Turfan (the 4th-5th cc.) and Kucha (the 5th-8th cc.): 1 – Karashar; 2-6 – Niya surroundings; 7-8 – Astana, Turfan; 9 – Kumtura, cave 24; 10-12 – Subashi; 11 – Kizil, cave 77.
Pl. 59. Male costume from Kucha wall paintings: 1 – Kumtura, cave 15; 2 – Kumtura, cave 19; 3 - Kizil, “Cave with red cupola”; 4-5 – “Maya Cave”, Kizil; 6 – décor of belts.
Pl. 60. Male costume from Kucha wall paintings: 1, 9 - Kumtura, cave 15; 2 – Kizil, “Cave of 16 swordsmen”; 3? 10 – Kumtura, cave 17; 4-8 – Kizil; 5, 11-12 – Subashi (reliquary).
Pl. 61. Female costume from Kucha wall paintings (the 6th-8th cc.): 1 - Kizil, “Cave with red cupola”; 2- Kizil, “Cave with the Hell Pot”; 3-4 – Kizil, “Maya Cave”; 5 – Kumtura, cave 19.
Pl. 62. Female costume from Kucha wall paintings (the 6th-8th cc.): 1, 5-6 – Kumtura, cave 15; 3 – Kumtura, cave 19; 4 – Kizil, “Cave of the Gorge near Small Stream”; 7 – Subashi (reliquary).
Pl. 63. Costume of foreigners: 1 – Kizil, “Hippocampi Cave”; Kizil, 2 - “Maya Cave”; 3 – Kegety (Semirechie/Jetysu); 4 – Tillya Tepe, grave 2; 5-6 – Yotkan; 7 – Chinese burial terracotta.
Pl. 64. Hairstyle and headdresses of Uygurs of the 9th-15th cc.: 1 - Bezeklik, cave 37; 3 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 4 – Bezeklik, temple Z; 5 – Qocho; 6 – Kumtura, cave 33; 7- Qocho, temple 7; 8 – Bezeklik, temple 12; 9 – Bezeklik, cave 40; 10-11 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 12 – Bezeklik, temple 2; 13 - Shikshin; 14 – Murtuq, cave 3; 16 – Qocho, temple T; 17 – Qocho, ruins K; 18 – Qocho, ruins 4; 20 – Bezeklik; 21 – Qocho (2, 15, 19-21 – painting on textiles; 17 – Manichean manuscript).
Pl. 65. Headdresses of Uygurs of the 9th-12th cc.: 1 – Bezeklik, temple 7; 2 – Kirish, “Cave with the Pigeons, carrying Wreaths”; 3-6, 9, 11, 17, 20 – Qocho; 8 – Qocho, ruins K; 10, 12 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 13 – Murtuq, cave 3; 15 – Bazeklik, hall 11; 16 – Karashar, Mingoi; 17, 21 – Turfan, random finds; 18-19 – Idilutshari, Qaghan Palace; 22-23 – Shorchuq, cave 7 (5 – artifact from the excavations; 4-7, 9, 11, 17 – painting on textiles).
Pl. 66. Shoes and belts of Uygurs of the 9th-12th cc.: 1-4, 6 – Qocho; 5, 14 – Qocho, ruins K; 7 – Shikshin, cave 11; 8 – Murtuq; 9 – temple in Yar-Khoto; 11, 13 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 15 – Qocho, temple Z (2-3, 6 – shoe artifacts; 9, 15 - painting on textiles).
Pl. 67. Male costume of Uygurs of the 9th-12th cc. on the wall paintings: 1 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 2 – Bezeklik, temple 2; 3 – Murtuq; 4 – Shikshin, cave 11; 5 – Bezeklik.
Pl. 68. Female costume of Uygurs of the 9th-12th cc. from Qocho: 1, 4 - painting on textiles; 2-3 – ruins K.
Pl. 69. Uygur costume of the 9th-12th cc.: 1 – Turfan, purchase; 2 – Bezeklik, temple 6; 3 – Bezeklik, cave 19; 4 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 5 – Shorchuq, cave 7; 6 – Murtuq (textile).
Pl. 70. Costume of Buddhist monks (the 5th – 12th cc.): 1, 3-5 – Kizil; 2 – Bezeklik; 6 – Turfan (painting on paper); 7, 11 – Kizil, “Maya Cave”; 8 – Tumshuq, Toqquz-sarai monastery; 9 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 10 – Bezeklik, temple 2.

Вещь в контексте погребального обряда / Artifact in the Contest of Funeral Rites. Proceedings of the International Conference / ed. by S.A. Yatsenko & E.V. Kupriyanova, Moscow: RSUH Publ., 2020 (in Russian)

by Sergey Yatsenko, Mykola Tarasenko, Ermolenko Lyubov, Dmitry Stashenkov, and Galina Trebeleva

Вещь в контексте погребального обряда / Artifact in the Contest of Funeral Rites. Proceedings of the International Conference / ed. by S.A. Yatsenko & E.V. Kupriyanova, Moscow: RSUH Publ., 2020 (in Russian), 2020

There you can read the Proceedings of the 4th archaeological conference devoted to the various as... more There you can read the Proceedings of the 4th archaeological conference devoted to the various aspects of necropolses studies and burial rituals. Fist conference was in Chelyabinsk in January 2915, second - in St-Petersburg in November 2016, third - in Ufa in November 2018. The collection present 25 articles of archaologists and specialist on religions' history from Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan.

PART 2/5 (ILLUSTRATIONS) / ЧАСТЬ 2/5 (ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ): Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва / Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006

See the detailed List of Illustrations as the special document in my page (books) / См. отдельный... more

PART 2/4 (ILLUSTRATIONS) / ЧАСТЬ 2/4 (ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ): Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Moscow, 2006

See the detailed List of Illustrations as the special document in my page (books) / См. отдельный... more

PART 2/3 (ILLUSTRATIONS) / ЧАСТЬ 2/3 (ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ): Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва / Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006

See the detailed List of Illustrations in as the special document in my page (books) / См. отдель... more

PART 2/2 (ILLUSTRATIONS) / ЧАСТЬ 2/2 (ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ): Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва /Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006

See the detailed List of Illustrations as the special document in my page (books) / См. отдельный... more

ILLUSTRATIONS LIST / СПИСОК ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЙ: Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва/ Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006, 661 pp, 222 figs. ISBN 5-02-018495-0.

ILLUSTRATIONS (in English, than in Russian) consisted of 5 PARTSs 2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 2/5 after t... more ILLUSTRATIONS (in English, than in Russian) consisted of 5 PARTSs 2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 2/5 after the big volume.
ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ, состоят из 5 частей 2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 2/5 из-за большого объема.

ILLUSTRATIONS LIST - in English, than in Russian.

The fig. 1–3, 22–24, 27–28, 36, 46, 58, 62–65, 84–89, 91, 97, 100, 102–103, 107, 110–123, 135, 137–138, 151–155, 157–159, 180–182, 189–190, 195, 202, 206–207, 216–218 were prepared by the author.
The ADDITIONAL illustrations were prepared by the author after the book’ publication, in 2009-2018 for www.academia.edu:
Figs. 2a, 12a, 17a-c,18a-b, 19a-b, 20a, 21a-g, 27a-d, 32a, 33a-d, 39a, 45a, 58a-b, 59a-b, 61a, 62a, 68a-b, 75a, 82a-d, 83, 83a-b, 87a, 101b, 103a, 107a, 109a-e, 126a, 133a, 134a-c, 135a, 140a, 156a, 161a-b, 164a, 169a, 171a, 175a, 183a, 186a, 188a-g, 206a-d, 209a, 215a, the maps 0, 28a, 62b, 101a, 156b, 203a.
Some illustrations were PARTLY CHANGED (with additional elements, often colour, etc.): fig. 5, 21, 37, 59, 83, 61, 66, 97, 134, 173, 178, 194, 222.
Originally all illustrations were black-white only. Later some of them replaced by their COLOUR analogies: figs. 4, 13, 15-17, 31, 33, 43-44, 48, 51, 53, 56-57, 98, 136, 160, 166-167, 170, 175-176, 184, 187, 199, 203, 215.

ABBREVIATIONS LIST:
А - Альбаум 1960; Aб — Альбаум 1975; Ан — Анфимов 1987; Б — Беленицкий 1973; Бе — Бессонова 1983а; Вн — Вайнберг 1977; Г — Горелик 1985; Го — Горбунова 1983; Гу — Гудкова 1964; Д — Древности... 1985; Ж — Живопись... 1954; З — Зеймаль 1979; И — Ильинская 1982; К — Калалы-гыр 2, 2004; Кр — Кругликова 1976; Л-1 — Луконин 1960; Л — Луконин 1977; Мн — Манцевич 1976; Мо — Мозолевський 1983; Не — Неразик 1966; Ни — Никитин 2000; ОЕ — Ольховский, Евдокимов 1994; П — Пичикян 1998; ПБ — Прилипко, Болтрик 1991; Пу — Пугаченкова 1978; Ра — Раевский 1977; РНЛ — Рапопорт, Неразик, Левина, 2000; Ра — Распопова 1999; Рх — Рахмонов 2001; СЖ — Скульптура и живопись… 1959; См — Cмирнов 1909; Т — Толстов 1948б 62; ТК –Топрак-кала 1984; ТЛ — Тревер, Луконин 1987; Ш — Шишкин 1963; Шл — Шлюмберже 1985; Я — Ягодин, Ташходжаев 1970; AS — al-Salihi 1991; Am — Amiet 1986; B — Belenitzki 1980; Bi — Bittner 1985; Ca — Callieri 1999; Ch — Chegeni, Nikitin 1996; Ci — Coins 1999; Co — Collon 1995; C3 — Curtis 1993; C4 — Curtis 1994; Cu — Curtis 2001; F — Fukai and oth. 1984; Fu — Fukai, Horiuchi 1982; G2 — Ghirshman 1962; G3 — Ghirshman 1963; Go — Goldman 1991; Gu — Gunter, Jett 1992; Gy — Gyselen 1995; H — Hackin, Carl, Meumie 1959; Hn — Handbuch, I-II; L — Lissarrague 1990; Ma — Marshak 1990; MN — Marshak, Negmatov 1996; M4 — Moorey 1974; MR — Marshak, Raspopova 1994; Mu — Muscarella 1988 217; N — Negahban 1996 218; Pi — Pilipko 2000 63; Pr — Porada 1962; Pu — Pugachenkova 1994; R — Ricciardi 1998; Sc — Schlumberger 1970; Sr — Seyrig 1937 207; S — Sellwood 1980; Tn — Tanabe 1998; Tr — Tarzi 1977; Th — Thomas 1965; Tm — Thompson 1965; V — Vanden Berghe 1984; Vs — Vos 1963.

Рисунки 1–3, 22–24, 27–28, 36, 46, 58, 62–65, 84–89, 91, 97, 100, 102–103, 107, 110–123, 135, 137–138, 151–155, 157–159, 180–182, 189–190, 195, 202, 206–207, 216–218 подготовлены автором.
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ иллюстрации были подготовлены автором после публикации книги, в 2009-2018 гг. для www.academia.edu:
Рис. 2a, 12a, 17a-c,18a-b, 19a-b, 20a, 21a-g, 27a-d, 32а, 33a-d, 39a, 45a, 58a-b, 59a-b, 61a, 62a, 68a, 75a, 82a-d, 83, 83a-b, 87a, 101b, 103a, 107a, 109a-e, 126a, 133a, 134a-c, 135a, 140a, 156a, 161a-b, 164a, 169a, 171a, 175a, 183a, 186a, 188a-g, 206a-d, 209a, 215a; карты 0, 28a, 62b, 101a, 156b, 203а.
Некоторые иллюстрации были ЧАСТИЧНО ИЗМЕНЕНЫ (с дополнительными деталями, часто цветными, и т.п.): рис. 5, 21, 37, 59, 61, 66, 83, 97, 134, 151, 173, 178, 194, 222.
Изначально все иллюстрации были только черно-белыми. Позже некоторые из них были заменены их ЦВЕТНЫМИ аналогами: рис. 4, 13, 15-17, 31, 33, 43-44, 48, 51, 53, 56-57, 98, 136, 160, 166-167, 170, 175-176, 184, 187, 199, 203, 215.

СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ:
А - Альбаум 1960; Aб — Альбаум 1975; Ан — Анфимов 1987; Б — Беленицкий 1973; Бе — Бессонова 1983а; Вн — Вайнберг 1977; Г — Горелик 1985; Го — Горбунова 1983; Гу — Гудкова 1964; Д — Древности... 1985; Ж — Живопись... 1954; З — Зеймаль 1979; И — Ильинская 1982; К — Калалы-гыр 2, 2004; Кр — Кругликова 1976; Л-1 — Луконин 1960; Л — Луконин 1977; Мн — Манцевич 1976; Мо — Мозолевський 1983; Не — Неразик 1966; Ни — Никитин 2000; ОЕ — Ольховский, Евдокимов 1994; П — Пичикян 1998; ПБ — Прилипко, Болтрик 1991; Пу — Пугаченкова 1978; Ра — Раевский 1977; РНЛ — Рапопорт, Неразик, Левина, 2000; Ра — Распопова 1999; Рх — Рахмонов 2001; СЖ — Скульптура и живопись… 1959; См — Cмирнов 1909; Т — Толстов 1948б 62; ТК –Топрак-кала 1984; ТЛ — Тревер, Луконин 1987; Ш — Шишкин 1963; Шл — Шлюмберже 1985; Я — Ягодин, Ташходжаев 1970; AS — al-Salihi 1991; Am — Amiet 1986; B — Belenitzki 1980; Bi — Bittner 1985; Ca — Callieri 1999; Ch — Chegeni, Nikitin 1996; Ci — Coins 1999; Co — Collon 1995; C3 — Curtis 1993; C4 — Curtis 1994; Cu — Curtis 2001; F — Fukai and oth. 1984; Fu — Fukai, Horiuchi 1982; G2 — Ghirshman 1962; G3 — Ghirshman 1963; Go — Goldman 1991; Gu — Gunter, Jett 1992; Gy — Gyselen 1995; H — Hackin, Carl, Meumie 1959; Hn — Handbuch, I-II; L — Lissarrague 1990; Ma — Marshak 1990; MN — Marshak, Negmatov 1996; M4 — Moorey 1974; MR — Marshak, Raspopova 1994; Mu — Muscarella 1988 217; N — Negahban 1996 218; Pi — Pilipko 2000 63; Pr — Porada 1962; Pu — Pugachenkova 1994; R — Ricciardi 1998; Sc — Schlumberger 1970; Sr — Seyrig 1937 207; S — Sellwood 1980; Tn — Tanabe 1998; Tr — Tarzi 1977; Th — Thomas 1965; Tm — Thompson 1965; V — Vanden Berghe 1984; Vs — Vos 1963.

PART 2/1 (ILLUSTRATIONS) / ЧАСТЬ 2/1 (ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ): Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва / Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006

See the detailed List of Illustrations as the special document in my page (books) / См. отдельный... more

Golden Plate from Wusun Grave in Grotto of Kargaly Gorge / Золотая пластина из усуньского погребения в гроте ущелья Каргалы (Almaty, 2017)

History and Archaeology of Semirechie, 2017

Sergey A. YATSENKO GOLDEN PLATE FROM WUSUN GRAVE IN GROTTO OF KARGALY GORGE - History and Archa... more Sergey A. YATSENKO

GOLDEN PLATE FROM WUSUN GRAVE IN GROTTO OF KARGALY GORGE - History and Archaology of Semirechie [Jetysu] (Istoriia i arckheologiia Semirechia), Vol. 5 (ed. by A.A. Goryachev), Almaty, 2017, pp. 143-155 (in Russian)

The golden plate from nomadic Wusun aristocratic grotto grave of the 1st c. BCE from the SE Kazakhstan, weel-known as “Kargaly diadem” (fig. 3: 1; 4: 2), was not the artifact of such type because it was initially arched. It was used for different purposes because it had two different fastening systems (holes for a thread and rivets) (fig. 4: 3). The main damage of the plate was the hands’ rift in the center and two cross punches (fig. 4: 4). The plate was the product of Wusun jeweler who mainly copied the Chinese models (fig. 5). The information on Wusun religion is very meager and it is almost no chance to reconstruct the meaning of its composition. The plate was probably the symbolic detail, the part of applications complex of a ritual vehicle similar to samples found in graves 1 and 3 of Majiayuan necropolis in Gansu Province, the 4th-3rd cc. BCE, here met the similar zoomorphic and floral motifs (fig. 6). In plate’ publications were some mistakes: instead the original the mirror reflection or unknown reconstruction (!) was placed (fig. 3: 2-3).

ILLUSTRATIONS:
(Figs. 2 d; 3, 1 – photo archive of Oleg Belyalov; Fig. 1, 1 – the Grotto photo from Vladimir Saraev archive).
Fig. 1. Grotto with the grave of noble Wusun woman in Kargaly Gorge, 50 km west from Almaty, 2300 m high, ca. the 1st c. BCE: 1 – grotto photo of Vladimir Saraev: 2 – some types of 370 golden artifacts (National Museum of Kazakhstan).
Fig. 2. Costume golden accessories from the graves of nomadic Wusun aristocracy in Ili River Basin on Kazakhstan / China border: 1 – applications, Talgar necropolis near Almaty; 2 – applications, Bailequir, NW Xinjiang; 3 - the seal-rings: a – Nilka, b – Xiatai (NW Xinjiang), c - Betkainar near Almaty, d – Kargaly.
Fig. 3. The golden polychromic plate (“diadem” from Kargaly Grotto): 1- photo from Oleg Belyalov personal archive, ca. 2000 y.; 2 – the mirror image of “Kargaly plate” typical for many modern publications; 3 – unknown reconstruction still often represented as the “real Kargaly plate” in many publications (details); Mikhail Chernov version of the plate’ center reconstruction (2015).
Fig. 4. The golden polychromic openwork plate from Kargaly Gorge: 1 – Mikhail Chernow drowing (2015); 2 – its correction by Sergey Yatsenko (2017): 3 – two fastenings systems’ remains; 4 – the main types of plate’ damages to the surface.
Fig. 5. Some analogies in the Han Dynasty Chinese art: 1 – Taosist personages with the “dragon” (loong / 龍); 2 – jade images of “dragons” with the feline tails (www.pinterest.com/sergey1305/ancient-jewellry/ ).
Fig. 6. Ritual vehicles from graves 1 and 3 in Majiayuan cemetery (Gansu Province): 1 – the vehicle from grave 3; 2 – the golden applications of both behicles (Excavations on the Majiayuan, 2008).

ЯЦЕНКО С,А,
ЗОЛОТАЯ ПЛАСТИНА ИЗ УСУНЬСКОГО ПОГРЕБЕНИЯ
В ГРОТЕ УЩЕЛЬЯ КАРГАЛЫ

Золотая ажурная пластина из скального погребения кочевых усуней ок. I в. до н.э. в ущелье Каргалы (ЮВ Казахстан), известная как «каргалинская диадема» (рис. 3: 1; 4: 2), ею не была, так как она изначально не была изогнутой. Она использовалась в разных целях, т.к. на ней выявлены две разных системы крепления (отверстия для ниток и заклепки) (рис. 4: 3). Основными повреждениями пластины были ручной разлом в центре и два поперечных удара (рис. 4: 4). Это работа усуньского ювелира, во многом копировавшего китайские образцы (рис. 5). Информация о религии усуней сохранилась весьма скудно, и шансов надежно реконструировать смысл композиции почти нет. Пластина могла быть символически помещенной аппликацией из комплекса украшений ритуальной повозки, подобной найденным в могилах 1 и 3 некрополя Мацзиюань (пров. Ганьсу) IV-III вв. до н.э., где встречены сходные зооморфные и растительные мотивы (рис. 6). В публикациях пластины неоднократно были ошибки, когда вместо подлинника помещали зеркальное отражение и даже неизвестную реконструкцию (рис. 3: 2-3).

Yatsenko S.A. Tamga-signs of Iranian-Speaking Peoples of Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (Znaki-tamgi iranoyazychnykh narodov drevnosti i rannego srednevekovya). Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2001, 190 pp.+36 pls. ISBN 5-02-018212-5.

See English Summary, Contents and the List of Illustrations in the neighbouring file with similar... more

article: Костюм женщин-воительниц у ранних кочевников / Costume of Women-Warriors of the Early Nomads (St-Petersburg, 2015)

The analysis of costume specificity of the early nomads’ women-warriors is based upon the statues... more The analysis of costume specificity of the early nomads’ women-warriors is based upon the statues of the C3rd-1st BC from Ustyurt Plateau; on their joint burials with elder and higher status men; on the series of their graves in Novyi Sarmatian necropolis on the Sal River and in some remarkable single burials. Details of two main costume types for women-warriors (similar to male; female with several specific accoutrements practically applicable for war time) were studied for the first time. Evidently, such women were buried in attire appropriate for battles. These women participated in wars not only after getting married but, sometimes, after giving birth to several children. In some nomadic groups neighbouring the Greek-Roman World (the Yuezhi, the Sarmatians and the Early Alans) there is costume décor symbolism of images characteristic for women-warriors’ belligerence: a sitting Athena goddess and a labrys or a double-headed axe, associated with the Amazons.

The detailed English version will be published in Budapest in the collection: "Daughters of Ares: Warrior Women of Eurasia from prehistory to the XVII. c AD".
The tamga-sign on the golden applications from Issyk barrow (note 20) was really the mark of modern museum restorers….

Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва / Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) PART 1(TEXT) / ЧАСТЬ 1. (только текст). Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006, 661 pp, 222 figs. ISBN 5-02-018495-0.

(222 plates of illustrations will be in special file. The pages' numeration is special for each b... more (222 plates of illustrations will be in special file. The pages' numeration is special for each big chapter. For real book numeration move the cursor to the right border of each pages / 222 таблицы иллюстраций будут в специальном файле. Нумерация по техническим причинам – отдельная для каждого большого раздела. Подлинную нумерацию стрнице в книге можно выяснить, подведя курсор к правой границе каждой страницы).
ABSTRACT:
In this book, you will find a complex research of the clothes of Iranian-speaking peoples beginning from their appearance in the world politics and in the written sources of the 7th–6th cc. BC and up to the Islamization of Iran and Transoxiana in the 7th–8th cc. AD. The accessories of the costume (except belts), the military costume, the rulers’ crowns and the costume materials themselves are not the subject matter of the text; but the hairstyle and sometimes tattoos are being under consideration. The first three chapters are devoted to analysis of the main periods of pre-Islamic history of the Iranian world (the time bounds being different for different regions): [1] the Achaemenid-Scythian time (the 7th–6th cc. BC — 4th–3rd cc. BC, for Transoxiana—up to the mid. of the 2nd cc. BC); [2] the Parthian-Sarmatian time (the 4th/3rd cc. BC — the 3rd/4th cc. AD); [3] the Sassanid and Early Medieval time (the 3/4th — the 7/8th cc. AD). The sections of these chapters deal with materials on the 13 peoples: (1) the Persians of the Achaemenian time; (2) the Early Scythians; (3) the Scythians of the “classic” period (the 5th–4th cc. BC); (4) the “Pazyrykians” of the Altai; (5) the Chorasmians (for all the 3 periods); (6) the Parnes—Parthians of Iran; (7) the Sarmatians and Early Alans; (8) the Yuech-chihs / Kushans of Bactria; (9) the Sogdians (the 2nd and 3rd periods); (10) the Indo-Scythians of Gandhara; 11) the Persians of the Sassanid time; (12) the Khotano-Sakas of Southern Xinjiang (the 2nd and 3rd periods); (13) the Tokharistanians (with other ethnic elements). As far as each of the above-mentioned peoples is concerned the above-stated ideas are analyzed and new materials (including unpublished ones) are taken into account, the details of many depictions are defined and the data on peoples are generalized for the first time. First of all, we have studied the costume of these 13 peoples, which gives the most abundant and many-sided information on the costume as clothes in real life are a mass phenomenon and can be studied productively and correctly only in big series (in case of single depictions rare costume elements and the looks of gods of foreign origin are mistakenly taken for typical ones).
The main tasks of the book are: 1. The reconstruction of the look of the ethnic clothing complex for each of the above-mentioned peoples: the silhouette, the cut (the information about the latter is limited) and the decorative prin-ciples, the last task being the most labour-intensive. The results allow of a reliable attribution of many artifacts from museums and private collections. 2. Eliciting the aesthetical ideal of different ethnic groups reflected in the costume; the analysis of the depictions of supposed representatives of a certain people in the art of other countries for defining the degree of the authenticity in the costume depiction and its representativeness for this ethnic group. 3. The comparative analysis of the costume of each separately taken synchronous people in each of the three main historical epochs; the analysis of the costume of each ethnic group in different periods for defining the character of the costume evolution and heredity. 4. The retrospective eliciting of the look of the original costume of the most ancient Iranians and the “costume” traces of the Iranian penetration to the west of Iran. 5. Eliciting the type of the costume contacts of ancient Iranian-speaking peoples and the difference in their importance. 6. The analysis of the summarized data on the least studied significant functions of the costume aiming at eliciting the specificity of the Iranian world and some of its peoples.
We suggest a complex approach including following elements: (1) dealing with all kinds of sources alongside ob-serving the most possible scope of facts on each studied people (in case of a technical impossibility, the representative statistic excerpts are studied); (2) the proper selection of the costume décor remnants from burials under analysis (only the accounts and publications of high quality are used) excluding significantly fragmented and stylized depictions and, for some regions, images of gods; (3) the analysis of the material according to the linguistic and ethnic principles—not a regional one (which is not typical for modern research on the costume history); (4) considering all the main costume attributes of the ethnic group as a single costume complex that reflects the specificity of the people; 5) the description of the costume of each ethnic group according to the common program in chapters 1–3; (6) considering ethnic complexes against the background of the synchronous neighbouring ones and both earlier and later ones up to their successors in the 19th–20th cc. AD (otherwise the rightfulness of most conclusions is difficult to guarantee); (7) the analysis of costume evolution of separate ethnic groups under the influence of different factors; (8) compiling a special summary tables on the costume of each people (each drawing in them not being an exact copy of a definite depiction, but given in the most appropriate foreshortening without unnecessary details interfering with perception).
MORE INFORMATION: 2nd Internet ed., Moscow: X-lab, 2011: http://www.narodko.ru/article/yatsenko/eurazia/ .

CONTENTS:
PREFACE 5
CHAPTER 1. The Achaemenian-Scythian time (7th/6th cc. — 4th/3rd cc. BC) 29
1.1. The Persians 29
1.2. The European Scythians 47
1.3. The Pazyryk culture of the Altai Mountains 83
1.4. The Khorasmians 102
The main conclusions 106
CHAPTER 2. The Parthian-Sarmatian time (3rd cc. BC — 3rd/4th cc. AD) 112
2.1. Parthian Iran 113
2.2. The Sarmatians, the Early Alans and the “Late Scythians” 131
2.3. The Yuech-chihs/Kushans 170
2.4. The Khorasmians 187
2.5. The Indo-Scythians 192
2.6. The Sogdians 197
2.7. The Khotano-Sakas 201
The main conclusions 207
CHAPTER 3. The Sasanian and Early Medieval (Pre-Islamic) time (3rd/4th–7th/8th cc. AD) 212
3.1. Sasanian Iran 213
3.2. The Sogdians 231
3.3. Tokharistan and the neighboring regions to the South 247
3.4. The Khorasmians 262
3.4. The Khotano-Sakas 266
The main conclusions 274
CHAPTER 4. The mechanisms of the costume contacts and
the ways of evolution of the costume of ancient Iranians.
The symbolism of costume 279
4.1. The mechanisms of the costume contacts 280
4.2. The ways of evolution of the costume of various peoples 314
4.3. The sign functions of the costume 322
The main conclusions 362
CONCLUSION 364
APPENDIX. The suggestions on the methods of fixation and description of the costume relics
in burial complexes 367
Glossary 370
BIBLIOGRAPHY 371
Abbreviations 416
List of Iluustrations (in English) 418
List of illustrations (in Russian) 423
Illustrations 435-657
Summary 658
Contents 663

Tamga-signs of Iranian-Speaking Peoples of Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (In Russian). Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2001: ENGLISH SUMMARY, CONTENTS AND LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

The monograph is devoted to the complex analysis of signs of property (nišan/gakk) in different r... more The monograph is devoted to the complex analysis of signs of property (nišan/gakk) in different regions of Iranian World. The most numerous and the best studied collection of signs from European Steppes of the 1st c. BCE – 4th c. CE became the basis of investigation of the sucession of the forms of signs and their customary usage from nomadic Sarmatians up to the modern peoples of the Central part of the Northern foothills of Caucasus. It gave the possibility to use widely the data of ethnology. Special attention is paid to the questions of methodology; defining the notion «tamga», criterea of similarity of signs while describing them, ways of creating of new forms (fig. 3), a «big» clan sign and its variants and «small» family signs, variants of individual handwriting, the mechanism of borrowings by other ethnic groups. Besides the defence of property the images of the signs marked the participation of members of the clan in collective actions (concluding treaties, religious ceremonies in sanctuaries, fraternization, take part in public building).
The forms of signs in the Northern Caucasus have stayed unchanged for about 2000 years in the boundaries of the group of kindred ethnic groups, as far as some famous clan saving be declined its tamga was expropriated by another clan. The regions where the custom of wide usage of tamgas was originated from, were found (Western Turkestan, Mongolia - no later than the beg. of the 6th c. BC). Special attention is also paid to signs of Sarmato-Alans of Europe, those signs belonging to the representatives of aristocracy only. The signs are described according to the principles of chronological groups and separate regions. The accumulations of signs are usually of interregional character and reflects different economical, political and religious actions. The analysis of using the tamgas of the most powerful clans and kings of Bosporus Kingdom gave the opportunity to define precisely their genealogy and their relations with the territories where their forefathers had emigrated to Europe (Chorasmia/Khwarezm, Kangju, Bactria, Sogdiana). The signs on bricks from agricultural Iranian regions were the signs of the property of the noble clans and families, the signs of the craftsmen’s ones and the signs of peasants’ ones (the members of which were mobilized for the public building). The signs (“monograms”) of the Sasanids were, probably, usual tamgas of a clan and presented the combination of 2-3 simple types known in Iranian world (the signs of mother and father + additional elements coming into existence in the process of a new clan forming: pl. 33a). The Turks, having conquered most of the Iranian peoples’ territories since the 6th-7th cc., borrowed numerous types of signs. But Turkic tamgas had other functions (they had the names of different things or phenomena, they could be sat on by the ruler. They also were personal signs and tribal signs). The differentiating of Alanian signs from Turkic ones in European Steppes of the 6th-12th cc. presents a complicated task. Most of tamgas preserved are concentrated in several regions, mostly connected with the Alans (fig. 36).

ENGLISH CONTENTS (p. 189):

Preface (History and the Main Problems of Studies of «Tamga»-Signs of
the Iranian Peoples) 3
Capter 1. Problems of Methodology and the Metodics of «Tamga»-Signs’
studes 11
Chapter 2. Origin and the Spreading of «Tamga»-Signs in the Iranian World 27
Chapter 3. «Tamga»-Signs of Sarmatia (the Chronological and Regional
Specificity) 31
Chapter 4. «King’s Signs» of the Rulers of Bosporan Kingdom and the
Sarmatians of the Western Ukraine and Their Origin 45
Chapter 5. Accumulations («Encyclopaediae») of «Tamga»-Signs and the Twin
Sign’s Pictures in Sarmatia 61
Chapter 6. «Tamga»-Signs ans the Political History, Genealogy of the
Aristocratic Clans of Sarmato-Alans 84
Chapter 7. Signs of the Basins of Amudar’ya and Syrdar’ya 93
Chapter 8. Signs of Iran 101
Chapter 9. «Tamga»-Signs of the South Siberia and Mongolia 105
Chapter 10. Correlation of «Tamga»-Signs of the Iranian and Turkic Peoples 107
Chapter 11. «Tamga»-Signs of the Medieval Alans 110
Conclusion 118
Bibliography 120
Abbreviations 137
List of Illustrations (in Russian) 140
List of Illustrations (in English) 150
Iillustrations 151-186
Summmary 187
Russian Contents 190

ENGLISH LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
p. 150 -
Fig. 1. The Sarmatian instrument for stamping (1) and the wooden cup (2) (the 1st-3rd cc. CE): 1 – Kirsanovskii III, barrow 1; 2 – Miloradovka, barrow 1.
Fig. 2. The indelicate «close analogies» for the «tamga»-signs of Sarmatia.
Fig. 3. Seven main ways of creating of new forms of the «tamga»-signs (Sarmatia).
Fig. 4. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia of the 1st c. BCE - 1st half of the 1st c. CE
Fig. 5. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia of mid. 1st – mid. 2nd cc. CE.
Fig. 6. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia of the mid. 2nd – mid. 3rd cc. CE.
Fig. 7. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia of the mid. 3rd - the late 4th cc. CE.
Fig. 8. The mirgations of the objects with the signs in verious chronological groups.
Fig. 9. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the stone plate from Kerch (Eastern Crimea) found in 1871.
Fig. 10. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the marble lion № 1 from Olbia.
Fig. 11. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the marble lion № 2 from Olbia.
Fig. 12. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the stella from Krivoy Rog.
Fig. 13. The regional signs of Sarmatia in caves in Ak-Kaya and Kamennaya Mogila
Fig. 14. The verious signs.
Fig. 15. The variants of individual handwriting of the signs of the kings of Bosporus.
Fig. 16. The accumulations of «tamga»-signs in Bayte III sanctuary (Ustyurt plateau).
Fig. 17. The published types of «tamga»-signs of Bayte III and their analogies.
Fig. 18. The signs of Bel’bek IV necropolis (S-W Crimea, the 1st-3rd cc. CE) and thir analogies (20-26).
Fig. 19. The signs of the most politacaly active noble clans of Sarmato-Alans.
Fig. 20. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the plates from Tanais (1 – Novocherkassk Museum; 2- Tanais gates, 1993).
Fig. 21. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the plates from Tanais Novocherkassk Museum).
Fig. 22. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the plate from Tanais (Novocherkassk Museum).
Fig. 23. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the plates from Tanais (Novocherkassk Museum).
Fig. 24. The small objects with several signs (Sarmatia, mid. 1st - mid. 2nd cc. CE)
Fig. 26. The accumulations of signs (Sarmatia, mid. 1st - mid. 2nd cc. CE)
Fig. 27. The signs of the Basins of Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers (th 6th – 2nd cc. BCE).
Fig. 28. The signs of the Basins of Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers (the 1st c. BCE - the 3rd c. CE).
Fig. 29. The signs of the Basins of Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers (the 4th – the 8th cc. CE).
Fig. 30. The non-published signs on the pottery from Koy-Krylgan-kala (Khwarezm), the 4th-2nd cc. BCE.
Fig. 31. The accumulations of signs on the column from Takhti-Sangin Sanctiary (Bactria) and their analogies (17-41).
Fig. 32. The signs of the Achaemenian Iran (by J. Boardman 1998, 2000).
Fig. 33. The signs of the Parthian (b) and Sasanian (a, c-d) Iran; e – late Kashkai nomads signs?
Fig. 34.The accumulations of signs from Mongolia (a,c), Russian Altay (b), Transoxiana (d-f).
Fig. 35. The «tamga»-signs of the Altay (a-b) and Mongolia (d-f).
Fig. 36. The «tamga»-signs of the medieval Alans (the 6th-14th cc.).

Papers

The Probable Epic Heroes of Scythians Against the Background of Other Ancient Iranian and Iranized Peoples of Steppe / Вероятные герои эпоса скифов на фоне древних иранских и иранизированных обществ Степи

New Hermes, 13-4, St Petersburg, 2021

We see a paradoxical situation among in the studies of the nomads of the Steppe in the Scythian-S... more We see a paradoxical situation among in the studies of the nomads of the Steppe in the Scythian-Saka period. The experts on European Scythians see in all anthropomorphic compositions only myths, and experts on rock art of Southern Siberia - usually an epic. Probably both positions are extremes. The several alleged plots of the heroic epic are analyzed, first of all, in the two opposite ends of the Great Steppe, in the developed pictorial traditions of the Scythians-Skolotes (Ukraine and NW Caucasus) and Tagar Culture (Khakassia). The main subjects studied are the different types of conflict between two warriors (Figs. 1-2); the clash of two groups of warriors (one of which is smaller, but it wins) (Figs. 3-5); scenes of "miracle hunting" (Figs. 6-8); the hero's struggle with giants, monsters or spirits (Fig. 9), two heroes in a sacred situation (Fig. 10); the hero as a leader (Fig. 11); the hero entering the labyrinth (Fig. 12).

Some Notes on the Tamga-Signs of Sarmatians and Their Neighbours / Несколько заметок о знаках-тамгах сарматов и их соседей (with Rogozhinskii A.E.)

Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, Vol. 13, 2021

The prototypes of Sarmatian mirrors-pendants with tamgas known in the II-I centuries BCE around B... more The prototypes of Sarmatian mirrors-pendants with tamgas known in the II-I centuries BCE around Balkhash Lake, Kazakhstan (figs. 1-5). There are also late Tagar subjects in art and also tamgas of future rulers of more western territories (figs. 6-7). In the Tagar Great Salbyk Barrow tamgas of late time, similar to Sarmatian ones, were depicted in narrow stripes along the edges (figs. 11-14). In the late period of use of Baite III temple the signs of the Lower Don and the "Barbarian" Crimea predominate among the Sarmatian regional tamgas in the 1st – early 2nd cc. CE when trade was most intense (figs. 15-16). The rituals over the stele with tamgas in Minguriuk are interesting (fig. 17). On the horse harness and belts of the Roman officers of the 2nd quarter – mid. 2nd c. CE the tamgas belong to the Middle Sarmatian culture and represent the strongest groups (Aorsia in the west of Ukraine and Alania on the Lower Don) (fig. 18). These signs on spectacular trophies become the part of "Sarmatian fashion" for cavalry, along with the military equipment of nomads. The single important finds with tamgas associated with Olbia and Panticapaeum are analized also (figs. 19-20).
Key words: tamga-signs, Sarmatians, the birthplace of Sarmatian mirrors-pendants, tamgas and Tagarian motifs near Balkhash Lake, "Sarmatian fashion" for tamgas in the Roman army, ritual use of artifacts with tamgas.

On the Problem of "Reading" the Costume in the Visual Sources / О проблемах "прочтения" костюма в визуальных источниках

RSUH Bulletin / Вестиник РГГУ, 'Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies' Series, 9/2, 2021

The overview of numerous problems related to the analysis of costume in the visual arts of tradit... more The overview of numerous problems related to the analysis of costume in the visual arts of traditional societies is given. Most of them are not realized by colleagues. Among the most serious difficulties are those related to the schematism and fragmentation of images and the desire to present a complete reconstruction of the costume. Some problems connected with the poses of the personages, the use of old iconography (including foreign), the dominance of stereotypical images of foreigners. In the ancient art verismo was very important, associated with the emphasis on socially significant elements of the costume. The most common initiators of costume innovations were the rulers, as well as their favorites and other people around them. The motives of the behavior of "fashionable" rulers are usually unclear. Each group of the most popular subjects is associated with different sets, types of costume and different symbolic interpretation. Its specificity is analyzed in different ways of interpreting images - heroization, methods of individualization of the appearance of the same type of characters in groups etc. Many problems are associated with the adequacy of the color scheme, with the level of its conventionality, with the degree of its preservation, with the capabilities of the craftsmen, with the interpretation of the materials from which the elements of the costume were made. It is difficult to interpret the perception of archaic elements of cut and silhouette in various societies, to clarify the costume of some seasons of the year. With the dominance of gala and ceremonial costume, they can’t be often distinguished.
Key words: interpretation of the costume in the visual arts, problems of adequate description, the role of plots, methods of interpretation of images, color combinations

On the Sarmatian Ornaments / О сарматской орнаментике

From the History of the North Caucasian Peoples Culture, Vol. 15, Stavropol, 2022

The variants of Sarmatian geometric ornaments on those categories of artifacts that rarely attrac... more The variants of Sarmatian geometric ornaments on those categories of
artifacts that rarely attract the attention of colleagues are analyzed. Of particular interest are the small rugs known both from the images (fig. 1) and their remains in burials, as well as two banners in the "Dachi" barrow (fig. 2, 4). It is important also the design of the rock crypt 9 (the turn of the 2nd – 3rd cc. CE) in the former Scythian Neapolis, connected with the
Bosporan "Alans" and, probably, imitated the small wooden temple (fig. 3). The specific tradition of the 1st – 3rd cc. CE is the compositions with rows and figures of identical and different tamga-signs (fig. 6). The decoration of bone and shell wares is usually reduced to a few simple techniques (fig. 7 – 8). The ornamental engravings on stone are known for the
easternmost groups of Sarmatians (fig. 9). The ornamentation of shields of the 2nd century CE is interesting (fig. 11).
Key words: Sarmatians, geometric ornaments, rugs, banners, shields, bone and shell carvings, products with a series of tamga-signs, stone engravings.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
Fig. 1. The probable images of Sarmatian rugs of the late 1st – early 3rd cc. CE: 1-2 - Scythian Neapolis, Eastern Necropolis, crypt 9, the eastern and western walls; 3 – the torque from barrow 10 in Kobyakovo (detail).
Fig. 2. Two former banner clothes and rug from the cache in barrow 1 in Dachi.
Fig. 3. The design of crypt 9 of the Eastern Necropolis in Scythian Neapolis, the late 2nd – early 3rd cc. CE (copy of 1946 y.)
Fig. 4. The golden applications: 1 – Peregruznoe I, barrow 45; 2 – Sokolova Mogila, the sleeve of long sleeved coat; 3 – the changing of applications form for Sarmatian of Kuban’ Basin, after I.I. Marchenko; 4 – Novoaleksandrovka I, barrow 20.
Fig. 5. The gold plaiting: 1 – Zubovskii khutor; 2 – Kazakliya, barrow 10; 3 – Lipetsk barrow; 4 – Vyazovo, barrow 37; 5 – Karstovyi, barrow 1.
Fig. 6. The wares with the series of Sarmatian tamga-signs: 1 – Roshava Dragana; 2 – Kirovskii I, barrow 1; 3 – Tiflisskaya, barrow 10; 4 – Kazanskaya, barrow 6; 5 – Neizats, pit 2 with a pottery; 6 – Poyana; 7 – Teleubulak.
Fig. 7. The bone artifacts: 1 – Neizats, grave 194; 2 – Vysochino V, barrow 18; 3 – Neizats, barrows 4 and 281; 4 – Baislantash Cave; 5 – Petrunino-II, barrow 4; 6 – Brut, barrow 18.
Fig. 8. The wares made of shells and soft stone: 1 – Ust’-Labinskaya, barrow 18; 2 – Krasnyi Yar, barrow 20; 3 – Krinichnoe; 4 - Baislantash Cave.
Fig. 9. The ornamental engravings on stone in Ustyurt Plateau and the neighbouring territories: 1-3 – Bayte III temple; 4 – the upper Emba / Jem River.
Fig. 10. The golden applications of wooden vessels, the applications and gold foil wares: 1 – Plastunovskaya, barrow 2; 2 – Porogi, grave 1; 3 – Nekrasovskaya, barrow 5; 4 – Ust’-Labinskaya, barrow 47.
Fig. 11. The Sarmatian shields in Roman trophies: 1 - Traianus Column; 2 – Marcus Aurelius coin, 176 CE; 3 – the ornamental elements (a-e – the tamga-signs analogies).

Chapters "Sogdian Costume" and "Sogdians on Chinese Terracotta of Tang Period", in: Sogdia - the Heart of the Silk Road / Главы "Костюм согдийцев" и "Согдийцы на китайской терракоте эпохи Тан" в: Согдиана - сердце Шелкового пути (in Uzbek, English, Russian)

Sogdia - the Heard of the Silk Road, Tashkent, 2021

АРХЕОЛОГИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ КАНГЮЙСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА / ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF KANGJU STATE

by Sergey Yatsenko, Asan Torgoev, Egor Kitov, and Alexey Rogozhinskiy

Collection Monograph / Ed. by S.A. Yatsenko, 2020

Yatsenko S.A., Avizova А.К, Torgoev A.I., Saipov A., Kulish A.V., Kitov E.P., Rogozhinskii A.E., ... more Yatsenko S.A., Avizova А.К, Torgoev A.I., Saipov A., Kulish A.V., Kitov E.P., Rogozhinskii A.E., Smagulov E.A., Erzhigitova A.A., Torezhanova N.Zh., Tur S.S., Ivanov S.S. Archaeology and History of Cangju State / Ed. by Sergey A. Yatsenko. Shymkent: Әlem, 2020, 216 pp + 112 pls. (in Russian). ISBN 978-9965-19-600-3.

You can also DOWNLOAD the book in my post box: https://cloud.mail.ru/publc/45au/37gyXDKV6 , ca 48 mbt.

SUMMARY:
by the editor
The collective book is the first big special international study devoted to the little-studied Kangju / Kanga /康居"nomadic empire". Its heyday was in the 80 – 230 CE and the center located in the Middle Syr Darya Basin. That time Kangju was the most powerful state in the West of the Central Asia. The heyday of Kangju coincided with the great time of antiquity – with the simultaneous heyday of the Roman Empire, the Han Dynasty China, the Parthian Iran and the Kushan Empire. The role of Kangju was crucial in the emergence of the "Northern Road" from 20 BCE - an important route of the newly emerged Silk Road. At the same time, Kangju was the only state in the western part of Central Asia that consistently opposed China. It was a long-lived state with almost 5-century history (ca 130 BCE – 350 CE). The history of this state is closely related to the early fate of the famous peoples of the past – the Alans and the southern Huns (Chionites). The history of Kangju is an important part of the history of peoples in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, the Russian Steppe zone to the east from Volga, some parts of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
The Kangju early state emerged as a socio-cultural synthesis of nomads and settled farmers, groups that migrated from the East and descendants of the ancient population of Transoxiana. The Kangju peoples were the first to create a series of fortified settlements on vast territories in the northernmost oases of the Syr Darya Basin and Northern Tien Shan Mountains, including several cities, and laid roads here. Kangju successfully manipulated by the certain groups of nomadic Sarmatians, Alans, Wusun, and Xiongnu to increase its power.
However, paradoxically, today we know much less about the Kangju state than, for example, about the Saka of Semirechye / Jetytu, the tribes of the Pazyryk Culture, the Eastern groups of Sarmatians and other ancient inhabitants of Kazakhstan in antiquity. Different aspects of the life of this ancient state have not yet been practically studied. This is why our book looks to the future in many ways. We did not try to create a solid generalizing work on Kangju. Such generalizations have been made several times in the past on very limited material and have not been very successful.
The book was prepared as the part of Kazakhstan President scientific programm BR05233709 “The History and Culture of the the Great Steppe”. The main idea of this collection of papers was proposed in February 2020 by Prof. Sergey A. Yatsenko (the editor, RSUH, Moscow) and Dr. Asan I. Torgoev (Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg). The chapters of the book present new, unpublished materials, give new interpretations of already known facts, or summarize the materials of field research of previous years. The opinions expressed in various chapters reflect the positions of thier 12 authors. This collection was devoted to one of the co-authors who died in October 2019 – Erbulat A. Smagulov (Almaty).

TAMGAS OF PRE-ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIA / ТАМГИ ДОИСЛАМСКОЙ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ

by Sergey Yatsenko, Alexey Rogozhinskiy, and Jangar Ilyasov

Samarkand: IICAS UNESCO, 2019

The collective book of 7 scientists from four countries: “Yatsenko S.A. (coordinator), Smagulov E... more The collective book of 7 scientists from four countries: “Yatsenko S.A. (coordinator), Smagulov E.A., Rogozhinskii A.E., Tabaldyev K.Sh., Baratov S.R., Ilyasov J.Ya., Babayarov G.B. TAMGAS OF PRE-ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIA”. Samarkand: IICAS, 2019, 452 pp. ISSN 978-9943-357-43-3 (parallel text in English and in Russian).
This book (with the big Introduction and 12 chapters) was the result of 3,5 years work of the unique international group, created for the study of very difficult problem – the complex research of one of the most popular sign systems. The idea of Project (since 2016) belonged to Erbulat Smagulov (Almaty) who died in September 2019. The main coordinator was Sergey Yatsenko (Moscow). The main theoretical Introduction was prepared jointly by Sergey Yatsenko and Alexey Rogozhinskii (Almaty), with Erbulat Smagulov participation. The main theoretical and practical issues were solved by all co-authors jointly by correspondence or during the personal meetings. Aisulu Iskanderova (Samarkand) also played an important role in preparing the manuscript for publication and in the successful implementation of the Project by IICAS. The decisive role in the early, unscheduled publication of the book on the IICAS' website belonged to the Director of the Institute Dmitry Voyakin.
The official publication of this book on the Internet opens up many new opportunities for humanitarians from various countries.

Коллективная монография 7 ученых из четырех стран: Яценко С.А. (координатор), Смагулов Е.А., Рогожинский А.Е., Табалдыев К.Ш., Баратов С.Р., Ильясов Дж.Я., Бабаяров Г.Б. «ТАМГИ ДОИСЛАМСКОЙ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ». Самарканд: МИЦАИ, 2019. 452 с. ISSN 978-9943-357-43-3 (на русск. и англ. яз. параллельно).
Эта книга (с обширным Введением и 12 главами) стала результатом 3,5 лет работы уникального международного коллектива, созданного для разработки очень сложной проблемы комплексного изучения одной из популярных в недавнем прошлом знаковых систем. Идея Проекта (с 2016 г.) принадлежала безвременного ушедшему в прошлом сентябре Ербулату Смагулову (Алматы), основным координатором текущей работы был Сергей Яценко (Москва), теоретические введение писалось Сергеем Яценко и Алексеем Рогожинским (Алматы), при участии Ербулата Смагулова. Основные теоретические и практические вопросы решались всеми соавторами совместно по переписке или во время личных встреч. Важную роль в подготовке рукописи к печати и в успешной реализации Проекта сыграла также от МИЦАИ Айсулу Искандерова (Самарканд). Решающая роль в досрочной, внеплановой публикации книги на сайте МИЦАИ принадлежала директору МИЦАИ Дмитрию Воякину.
Официальная публикация этой монографии Интернете открывает много новых возможностей перед гуманитариями разных стран.

Yatsenko S.A. Chapter 3 “Costume [of the Ancient Xinjiang]”, Moscow, 2000

Litvinsky B.A. (ed.). Eastern Turkestan in the Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages [Vol. IV]. Architecture. Art. Costume. Moscow: Vostochanya literatura, 2000, pp. 286-384 (in Russian). , 2000

This chapter “Costume” was prepared for print in 1987 but was really published only 13 years late... more This chapter “Costume” was prepared for print in 1987 but was really published only 13 years later. It was the part of 4th volume of big publication on various aspects of Xinjiang archaeology by Institute of Oriental Studies (Moscow), edited by academician Boris A. Litvinsky. It was devoted, first of all, to the costume complexes of Khotan, Kucha and the early medieval Uygurs. That time (in 1987) I hadn’t many new Chinese publications on Xinjiang archaeology because of bad relations between Soviet Union and China. But I think this work of my youth is still important for costume history of Xinjiang / Eastern Turkestan. Bibliography you can see at the end of this volume.
Yatsenko S.A. Chapter 3 “Costume”, In: Litvinsky B.A. (ed.). Eastern Turkestan in the Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages [Vol. IV]. Architecture. Art. Costume. Moscow: Vostochanya literatura, 2000, pp. 286-384 (in Russian).
Яценко С.А. Глава 3. Костюм // Восточный Туркестан в древности и раннем средневековье [том IV]. Архитектура. Искусство. Костюм (Отв. ред. Б.А. Литвинский). М.: Восточная литература, 2000, с. 286-384.
CONTENT OF CHAPTER 3 “COSTUME”:
- English Summary of Volume IV chapters.
- Introduction – pp. 296-297.
- Historiography – pp. 297-300.
- Sources – pp. 300-303.
- Illustrations [specificity] – p. 304.
- Costume of Proto-Yezhi from Cherchen – p. 305-306.
- Costume of Proto-Wusun near Turfan – p. 306.
- Costume complex of nomadic population near Lop Nor Lake of the late 2nd – early 1st mill, BCE – p. 306-309.
- Costume complex of Kroraina – pp. 309-312.
- Costume complex of Miran of the 3rd-4th cc. CE – pp. 312-313.
- Costume complex of Khotano-Sakas of Tumshuq – pp. 313-314.
- Costume complexes of the Western Oases (Kashgar, Aksu) – p. 314.
COSTUME COMPLEXES OF KHOTAN AND KUTCHA [comparative]:
- [introduction] – p.315.
- Cut of robes – pp. 315-320.
- Ratio of sleeved coats and gala shirts – pp. 320-323.
- Manner of robes’ wearing – pp. 323-327.
- Silhouette of caftans – pp. 327-335.
- Silhouette of dresses and gala shirts – pp. 334-336.
- Decolletage, sections of transparent fabric, pelerines and breast decorations – pp. 336-338.
- Wearable clothing – p. 338-339.
- Clothes’ décor – pp. 339-340.
- Skirts, trousers, aprons, special clothing around the pelvis, belts – pp. 340-342.
- Headdresses and diadems – pp. 343-346.
- Hairstyles – pp. 346-348.
- Shoes – p. 348.
- Age specificity – p. 349.
- Costume of Buddhist monks – pp. 349-350.
- Costume complex of Karashar – p. 349.
- Costume complex of Turfan – pp. 350-351.
- Costume complex of local Han peoples – p. 351.
- Costume complex of the Early Turks – p. 352.
THE INTERACTION OF COSTUME COMPLEXES OF VARIOUS PEOPLES OF XINJANG AND THE NEIGHBOURING TERRITORIES:
- Pazyryk Culture, Sakas and Xiongnu - p. 353
- Kushans – pp. 353-357.
- Sasanians – pp. 357-358.
- Bactria – Tokharistan – p. 358-359.
- Hephtalites – 359-360.
- Mysterious personages with smelling caftans to the right – pp. 360-361.
- Influence of the Early Turkic costume – p. 361-363.
- Influence of Sogdians – pp. 364-365.
- Influence of Tibetians – pp. 365-366.
- “influence” of Byzantine costume – p. 366.
- influence of costume of Han peoples – pp. 366-367.
COSTUME COMPLEX OF UYGURS OF THE 9th-12th CC.:
- Elements of costume of Han peoples - pp. 367-369.
- Color combinations – p. 369.
- 8 social groups of men and women after costume data - pp. 370-374.
- Cut of clothes, shirt, headdresses and hairstyles – pp. 375-376.
- Trousers, belts, shoes, costume of children, costume of Buddhist monks – pp. 377-379.
- Early medieval costume traditions on Uygur costume of the 19th- early 20th cc. – pp. 379-382.
- Elements of Mongolian Empire costume – pp. 382 (bibliography).
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:
Pl. 54. Costume of Xiongnu and Xiānbēi nomads near Lop Not Lake, the 1st-3rd cc. CE:
1-3, 5, 7-14, 16-20 – former Kum-Darya estuary; 4 – Loulan; 6- Lubsbogatai cemetery; 15 – Tsagaan Gol River (SW Mongolia).
Pl. 55. Hairstyles and headdresses of Khotan: 1-33 – Yotkan (a random finds); 34-35 – Dunhuang, cave 61; 36 - Rawak.
Pl. 56. Costume of Khotan (the 2nd-8th cc. CE): 1-3, 7, 11, 14 - Yotkan (a random finds); 4-5 – Rawak; 6, 11-12, 15 – Balawaste; 8, 16 – Dandan-oilik; 10, 13 – Taryshlak.
Pl. 57. Costume of Tumshuq (the 4th-5th cc.) and Turfan (the 7th – 9th-10th cc.): 1, 3-5, 7-8 – Qocho; 2, 6 – Tuyuk; 9 – Tuyuk mazar; 10 – Shikshin, ruins K; 11-20 – Toqquz-sarai monastery, Tumshuq.
Pl. 58. Costume of Tokharian-speaking peoples of Niya (the 2nd-3rd cc.), Turfan (the 4th-5th cc.) and Kucha (the 5th-8th cc.): 1 – Karashar; 2-6 – Niya surroundings; 7-8 – Astana, Turfan; 9 – Kumtura, cave 24; 10-12 – Subashi; 11 – Kizil, cave 77.
Pl. 59. Male costume from Kucha wall paintings: 1 – Kumtura, cave 15; 2 – Kumtura, cave 19; 3 - Kizil, “Cave with red cupola”; 4-5 – “Maya Cave”, Kizil; 6 – décor of belts.
Pl. 60. Male costume from Kucha wall paintings: 1, 9 - Kumtura, cave 15; 2 – Kizil, “Cave of 16 swordsmen”; 3? 10 – Kumtura, cave 17; 4-8 – Kizil; 5, 11-12 – Subashi (reliquary).
Pl. 61. Female costume from Kucha wall paintings (the 6th-8th cc.): 1 - Kizil, “Cave with red cupola”; 2- Kizil, “Cave with the Hell Pot”; 3-4 – Kizil, “Maya Cave”; 5 – Kumtura, cave 19.
Pl. 62. Female costume from Kucha wall paintings (the 6th-8th cc.): 1, 5-6 – Kumtura, cave 15; 3 – Kumtura, cave 19; 4 – Kizil, “Cave of the Gorge near Small Stream”; 7 – Subashi (reliquary).
Pl. 63. Costume of foreigners: 1 – Kizil, “Hippocampi Cave”; Kizil, 2 - “Maya Cave”; 3 – Kegety (Semirechie/Jetysu); 4 – Tillya Tepe, grave 2; 5-6 – Yotkan; 7 – Chinese burial terracotta.
Pl. 64. Hairstyle and headdresses of Uygurs of the 9th-15th cc.: 1 - Bezeklik, cave 37; 3 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 4 – Bezeklik, temple Z; 5 – Qocho; 6 – Kumtura, cave 33; 7- Qocho, temple 7; 8 – Bezeklik, temple 12; 9 – Bezeklik, cave 40; 10-11 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 12 – Bezeklik, temple 2; 13 - Shikshin; 14 – Murtuq, cave 3; 16 – Qocho, temple T; 17 – Qocho, ruins K; 18 – Qocho, ruins 4; 20 – Bezeklik; 21 – Qocho (2, 15, 19-21 – painting on textiles; 17 – Manichean manuscript).
Pl. 65. Headdresses of Uygurs of the 9th-12th cc.: 1 – Bezeklik, temple 7; 2 – Kirish, “Cave with the Pigeons, carrying Wreaths”; 3-6, 9, 11, 17, 20 – Qocho; 8 – Qocho, ruins K; 10, 12 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 13 – Murtuq, cave 3; 15 – Bazeklik, hall 11; 16 – Karashar, Mingoi; 17, 21 – Turfan, random finds; 18-19 – Idilutshari, Qaghan Palace; 22-23 – Shorchuq, cave 7 (5 – artifact from the excavations; 4-7, 9, 11, 17 – painting on textiles).
Pl. 66. Shoes and belts of Uygurs of the 9th-12th cc.: 1-4, 6 – Qocho; 5, 14 – Qocho, ruins K; 7 – Shikshin, cave 11; 8 – Murtuq; 9 – temple in Yar-Khoto; 11, 13 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 15 – Qocho, temple Z (2-3, 6 – shoe artifacts; 9, 15 - painting on textiles).
Pl. 67. Male costume of Uygurs of the 9th-12th cc. on the wall paintings: 1 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 2 – Bezeklik, temple 2; 3 – Murtuq; 4 – Shikshin, cave 11; 5 – Bezeklik.
Pl. 68. Female costume of Uygurs of the 9th-12th cc. from Qocho: 1, 4 - painting on textiles; 2-3 – ruins K.
Pl. 69. Uygur costume of the 9th-12th cc.: 1 – Turfan, purchase; 2 – Bezeklik, temple 6; 3 – Bezeklik, cave 19; 4 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 5 – Shorchuq, cave 7; 6 – Murtuq (textile).
Pl. 70. Costume of Buddhist monks (the 5th – 12th cc.): 1, 3-5 – Kizil; 2 – Bezeklik; 6 – Turfan (painting on paper); 7, 11 – Kizil, “Maya Cave”; 8 – Tumshuq, Toqquz-sarai monastery; 9 – Bezeklik, temple 9; 10 – Bezeklik, temple 2.

Вещь в контексте погребального обряда / Artifact in the Contest of Funeral Rites. Proceedings of the International Conference / ed. by S.A. Yatsenko & E.V. Kupriyanova, Moscow: RSUH Publ., 2020 (in Russian)

by Sergey Yatsenko, Mykola Tarasenko, Ermolenko Lyubov, Dmitry Stashenkov, and Galina Trebeleva

Вещь в контексте погребального обряда / Artifact in the Contest of Funeral Rites. Proceedings of the International Conference / ed. by S.A. Yatsenko & E.V. Kupriyanova, Moscow: RSUH Publ., 2020 (in Russian), 2020

There you can read the Proceedings of the 4th archaeological conference devoted to the various as... more There you can read the Proceedings of the 4th archaeological conference devoted to the various aspects of necropolses studies and burial rituals. Fist conference was in Chelyabinsk in January 2915, second - in St-Petersburg in November 2016, third - in Ufa in November 2018. The collection present 25 articles of archaologists and specialist on religions' history from Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan.

PART 2/5 (ILLUSTRATIONS) / ЧАСТЬ 2/5 (ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ): Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва / Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006

See the detailed List of Illustrations as the special document in my page (books) / См. отдельный... more

PART 2/4 (ILLUSTRATIONS) / ЧАСТЬ 2/4 (ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ): Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Moscow, 2006

See the detailed List of Illustrations as the special document in my page (books) / См. отдельный... more

PART 2/3 (ILLUSTRATIONS) / ЧАСТЬ 2/3 (ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ): Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва / Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006

See the detailed List of Illustrations in as the special document in my page (books) / См. отдель... more

PART 2/2 (ILLUSTRATIONS) / ЧАСТЬ 2/2 (ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ): Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва /Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006

See the detailed List of Illustrations as the special document in my page (books) / См. отдельный... more

ILLUSTRATIONS LIST / СПИСОК ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЙ: Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва/ Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006, 661 pp, 222 figs. ISBN 5-02-018495-0.

ILLUSTRATIONS (in English, than in Russian) consisted of 5 PARTSs 2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 2/5 after t... more ILLUSTRATIONS (in English, than in Russian) consisted of 5 PARTSs 2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 2/5 after the big volume.
ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ, состоят из 5 частей 2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 2/5 из-за большого объема.

ILLUSTRATIONS LIST - in English, than in Russian.

The fig. 1–3, 22–24, 27–28, 36, 46, 58, 62–65, 84–89, 91, 97, 100, 102–103, 107, 110–123, 135, 137–138, 151–155, 157–159, 180–182, 189–190, 195, 202, 206–207, 216–218 were prepared by the author.
The ADDITIONAL illustrations were prepared by the author after the book’ publication, in 2009-2018 for www.academia.edu:
Figs. 2a, 12a, 17a-c,18a-b, 19a-b, 20a, 21a-g, 27a-d, 32a, 33a-d, 39a, 45a, 58a-b, 59a-b, 61a, 62a, 68a-b, 75a, 82a-d, 83, 83a-b, 87a, 101b, 103a, 107a, 109a-e, 126a, 133a, 134a-c, 135a, 140a, 156a, 161a-b, 164a, 169a, 171a, 175a, 183a, 186a, 188a-g, 206a-d, 209a, 215a, the maps 0, 28a, 62b, 101a, 156b, 203a.
Some illustrations were PARTLY CHANGED (with additional elements, often colour, etc.): fig. 5, 21, 37, 59, 83, 61, 66, 97, 134, 173, 178, 194, 222.
Originally all illustrations were black-white only. Later some of them replaced by their COLOUR analogies: figs. 4, 13, 15-17, 31, 33, 43-44, 48, 51, 53, 56-57, 98, 136, 160, 166-167, 170, 175-176, 184, 187, 199, 203, 215.

ABBREVIATIONS LIST:
А - Альбаум 1960; Aб — Альбаум 1975; Ан — Анфимов 1987; Б — Беленицкий 1973; Бе — Бессонова 1983а; Вн — Вайнберг 1977; Г — Горелик 1985; Го — Горбунова 1983; Гу — Гудкова 1964; Д — Древности... 1985; Ж — Живопись... 1954; З — Зеймаль 1979; И — Ильинская 1982; К — Калалы-гыр 2, 2004; Кр — Кругликова 1976; Л-1 — Луконин 1960; Л — Луконин 1977; Мн — Манцевич 1976; Мо — Мозолевський 1983; Не — Неразик 1966; Ни — Никитин 2000; ОЕ — Ольховский, Евдокимов 1994; П — Пичикян 1998; ПБ — Прилипко, Болтрик 1991; Пу — Пугаченкова 1978; Ра — Раевский 1977; РНЛ — Рапопорт, Неразик, Левина, 2000; Ра — Распопова 1999; Рх — Рахмонов 2001; СЖ — Скульптура и живопись… 1959; См — Cмирнов 1909; Т — Толстов 1948б 62; ТК –Топрак-кала 1984; ТЛ — Тревер, Луконин 1987; Ш — Шишкин 1963; Шл — Шлюмберже 1985; Я — Ягодин, Ташходжаев 1970; AS — al-Salihi 1991; Am — Amiet 1986; B — Belenitzki 1980; Bi — Bittner 1985; Ca — Callieri 1999; Ch — Chegeni, Nikitin 1996; Ci — Coins 1999; Co — Collon 1995; C3 — Curtis 1993; C4 — Curtis 1994; Cu — Curtis 2001; F — Fukai and oth. 1984; Fu — Fukai, Horiuchi 1982; G2 — Ghirshman 1962; G3 — Ghirshman 1963; Go — Goldman 1991; Gu — Gunter, Jett 1992; Gy — Gyselen 1995; H — Hackin, Carl, Meumie 1959; Hn — Handbuch, I-II; L — Lissarrague 1990; Ma — Marshak 1990; MN — Marshak, Negmatov 1996; M4 — Moorey 1974; MR — Marshak, Raspopova 1994; Mu — Muscarella 1988 217; N — Negahban 1996 218; Pi — Pilipko 2000 63; Pr — Porada 1962; Pu — Pugachenkova 1994; R — Ricciardi 1998; Sc — Schlumberger 1970; Sr — Seyrig 1937 207; S — Sellwood 1980; Tn — Tanabe 1998; Tr — Tarzi 1977; Th — Thomas 1965; Tm — Thompson 1965; V — Vanden Berghe 1984; Vs — Vos 1963.

Рисунки 1–3, 22–24, 27–28, 36, 46, 58, 62–65, 84–89, 91, 97, 100, 102–103, 107, 110–123, 135, 137–138, 151–155, 157–159, 180–182, 189–190, 195, 202, 206–207, 216–218 подготовлены автором.
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ иллюстрации были подготовлены автором после публикации книги, в 2009-2018 гг. для www.academia.edu:
Рис. 2a, 12a, 17a-c,18a-b, 19a-b, 20a, 21a-g, 27a-d, 32а, 33a-d, 39a, 45a, 58a-b, 59a-b, 61a, 62a, 68a, 75a, 82a-d, 83, 83a-b, 87a, 101b, 103a, 107a, 109a-e, 126a, 133a, 134a-c, 135a, 140a, 156a, 161a-b, 164a, 169a, 171a, 175a, 183a, 186a, 188a-g, 206a-d, 209a, 215a; карты 0, 28a, 62b, 101a, 156b, 203а.
Некоторые иллюстрации были ЧАСТИЧНО ИЗМЕНЕНЫ (с дополнительными деталями, часто цветными, и т.п.): рис. 5, 21, 37, 59, 61, 66, 83, 97, 134, 151, 173, 178, 194, 222.
Изначально все иллюстрации были только черно-белыми. Позже некоторые из них были заменены их ЦВЕТНЫМИ аналогами: рис. 4, 13, 15-17, 31, 33, 43-44, 48, 51, 53, 56-57, 98, 136, 160, 166-167, 170, 175-176, 184, 187, 199, 203, 215.

СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ:
А - Альбаум 1960; Aб — Альбаум 1975; Ан — Анфимов 1987; Б — Беленицкий 1973; Бе — Бессонова 1983а; Вн — Вайнберг 1977; Г — Горелик 1985; Го — Горбунова 1983; Гу — Гудкова 1964; Д — Древности... 1985; Ж — Живопись... 1954; З — Зеймаль 1979; И — Ильинская 1982; К — Калалы-гыр 2, 2004; Кр — Кругликова 1976; Л-1 — Луконин 1960; Л — Луконин 1977; Мн — Манцевич 1976; Мо — Мозолевський 1983; Не — Неразик 1966; Ни — Никитин 2000; ОЕ — Ольховский, Евдокимов 1994; П — Пичикян 1998; ПБ — Прилипко, Болтрик 1991; Пу — Пугаченкова 1978; Ра — Раевский 1977; РНЛ — Рапопорт, Неразик, Левина, 2000; Ра — Распопова 1999; Рх — Рахмонов 2001; СЖ — Скульптура и живопись… 1959; См — Cмирнов 1909; Т — Толстов 1948б 62; ТК –Топрак-кала 1984; ТЛ — Тревер, Луконин 1987; Ш — Шишкин 1963; Шл — Шлюмберже 1985; Я — Ягодин, Ташходжаев 1970; AS — al-Salihi 1991; Am — Amiet 1986; B — Belenitzki 1980; Bi — Bittner 1985; Ca — Callieri 1999; Ch — Chegeni, Nikitin 1996; Ci — Coins 1999; Co — Collon 1995; C3 — Curtis 1993; C4 — Curtis 1994; Cu — Curtis 2001; F — Fukai and oth. 1984; Fu — Fukai, Horiuchi 1982; G2 — Ghirshman 1962; G3 — Ghirshman 1963; Go — Goldman 1991; Gu — Gunter, Jett 1992; Gy — Gyselen 1995; H — Hackin, Carl, Meumie 1959; Hn — Handbuch, I-II; L — Lissarrague 1990; Ma — Marshak 1990; MN — Marshak, Negmatov 1996; M4 — Moorey 1974; MR — Marshak, Raspopova 1994; Mu — Muscarella 1988 217; N — Negahban 1996 218; Pi — Pilipko 2000 63; Pr — Porada 1962; Pu — Pugachenkova 1994; R — Ricciardi 1998; Sc — Schlumberger 1970; Sr — Seyrig 1937 207; S — Sellwood 1980; Tn — Tanabe 1998; Tr — Tarzi 1977; Th — Thomas 1965; Tm — Thompson 1965; V — Vanden Berghe 1984; Vs — Vos 1963.

PART 2/1 (ILLUSTRATIONS) / ЧАСТЬ 2/1 (ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ): Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) / (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) / Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва / Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006

See the detailed List of Illustrations as the special document in my page (books) / См. отдельный... more

Golden Plate from Wusun Grave in Grotto of Kargaly Gorge / Золотая пластина из усуньского погребения в гроте ущелья Каргалы (Almaty, 2017)

History and Archaeology of Semirechie, 2017

Sergey A. YATSENKO GOLDEN PLATE FROM WUSUN GRAVE IN GROTTO OF KARGALY GORGE - History and Archa... more Sergey A. YATSENKO

GOLDEN PLATE FROM WUSUN GRAVE IN GROTTO OF KARGALY GORGE - History and Archaology of Semirechie [Jetysu] (Istoriia i arckheologiia Semirechia), Vol. 5 (ed. by A.A. Goryachev), Almaty, 2017, pp. 143-155 (in Russian)

The golden plate from nomadic Wusun aristocratic grotto grave of the 1st c. BCE from the SE Kazakhstan, weel-known as “Kargaly diadem” (fig. 3: 1; 4: 2), was not the artifact of such type because it was initially arched. It was used for different purposes because it had two different fastening systems (holes for a thread and rivets) (fig. 4: 3). The main damage of the plate was the hands’ rift in the center and two cross punches (fig. 4: 4). The plate was the product of Wusun jeweler who mainly copied the Chinese models (fig. 5). The information on Wusun religion is very meager and it is almost no chance to reconstruct the meaning of its composition. The plate was probably the symbolic detail, the part of applications complex of a ritual vehicle similar to samples found in graves 1 and 3 of Majiayuan necropolis in Gansu Province, the 4th-3rd cc. BCE, here met the similar zoomorphic and floral motifs (fig. 6). In plate’ publications were some mistakes: instead the original the mirror reflection or unknown reconstruction (!) was placed (fig. 3: 2-3).

ILLUSTRATIONS:
(Figs. 2 d; 3, 1 – photo archive of Oleg Belyalov; Fig. 1, 1 – the Grotto photo from Vladimir Saraev archive).
Fig. 1. Grotto with the grave of noble Wusun woman in Kargaly Gorge, 50 km west from Almaty, 2300 m high, ca. the 1st c. BCE: 1 – grotto photo of Vladimir Saraev: 2 – some types of 370 golden artifacts (National Museum of Kazakhstan).
Fig. 2. Costume golden accessories from the graves of nomadic Wusun aristocracy in Ili River Basin on Kazakhstan / China border: 1 – applications, Talgar necropolis near Almaty; 2 – applications, Bailequir, NW Xinjiang; 3 - the seal-rings: a – Nilka, b – Xiatai (NW Xinjiang), c - Betkainar near Almaty, d – Kargaly.
Fig. 3. The golden polychromic plate (“diadem” from Kargaly Grotto): 1- photo from Oleg Belyalov personal archive, ca. 2000 y.; 2 – the mirror image of “Kargaly plate” typical for many modern publications; 3 – unknown reconstruction still often represented as the “real Kargaly plate” in many publications (details); Mikhail Chernov version of the plate’ center reconstruction (2015).
Fig. 4. The golden polychromic openwork plate from Kargaly Gorge: 1 – Mikhail Chernow drowing (2015); 2 – its correction by Sergey Yatsenko (2017): 3 – two fastenings systems’ remains; 4 – the main types of plate’ damages to the surface.
Fig. 5. Some analogies in the Han Dynasty Chinese art: 1 – Taosist personages with the “dragon” (loong / 龍); 2 – jade images of “dragons” with the feline tails (www.pinterest.com/sergey1305/ancient-jewellry/ ).
Fig. 6. Ritual vehicles from graves 1 and 3 in Majiayuan cemetery (Gansu Province): 1 – the vehicle from grave 3; 2 – the golden applications of both behicles (Excavations on the Majiayuan, 2008).

ЯЦЕНКО С,А,
ЗОЛОТАЯ ПЛАСТИНА ИЗ УСУНЬСКОГО ПОГРЕБЕНИЯ
В ГРОТЕ УЩЕЛЬЯ КАРГАЛЫ

Золотая ажурная пластина из скального погребения кочевых усуней ок. I в. до н.э. в ущелье Каргалы (ЮВ Казахстан), известная как «каргалинская диадема» (рис. 3: 1; 4: 2), ею не была, так как она изначально не была изогнутой. Она использовалась в разных целях, т.к. на ней выявлены две разных системы крепления (отверстия для ниток и заклепки) (рис. 4: 3). Основными повреждениями пластины были ручной разлом в центре и два поперечных удара (рис. 4: 4). Это работа усуньского ювелира, во многом копировавшего китайские образцы (рис. 5). Информация о религии усуней сохранилась весьма скудно, и шансов надежно реконструировать смысл композиции почти нет. Пластина могла быть символически помещенной аппликацией из комплекса украшений ритуальной повозки, подобной найденным в могилах 1 и 3 некрополя Мацзиюань (пров. Ганьсу) IV-III вв. до н.э., где встречены сходные зооморфные и растительные мотивы (рис. 6). В публикациях пластины неоднократно были ошибки, когда вместо подлинника помещали зеркальное отражение и даже неизвестную реконструкцию (рис. 3: 2-3).

Yatsenko S.A. Tamga-signs of Iranian-Speaking Peoples of Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (Znaki-tamgi iranoyazychnykh narodov drevnosti i rannego srednevekovya). Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2001, 190 pp.+36 pls. ISBN 5-02-018212-5.

See English Summary, Contents and the List of Illustrations in the neighbouring file with similar... more

article: Костюм женщин-воительниц у ранних кочевников / Costume of Women-Warriors of the Early Nomads (St-Petersburg, 2015)

The analysis of costume specificity of the early nomads’ women-warriors is based upon the statues... more The analysis of costume specificity of the early nomads’ women-warriors is based upon the statues of the C3rd-1st BC from Ustyurt Plateau; on their joint burials with elder and higher status men; on the series of their graves in Novyi Sarmatian necropolis on the Sal River and in some remarkable single burials. Details of two main costume types for women-warriors (similar to male; female with several specific accoutrements practically applicable for war time) were studied for the first time. Evidently, such women were buried in attire appropriate for battles. These women participated in wars not only after getting married but, sometimes, after giving birth to several children. In some nomadic groups neighbouring the Greek-Roman World (the Yuezhi, the Sarmatians and the Early Alans) there is costume décor symbolism of images characteristic for women-warriors’ belligerence: a sitting Athena goddess and a labrys or a double-headed axe, associated with the Amazons.

The detailed English version will be published in Budapest in the collection: "Daughters of Ares: Warrior Women of Eurasia from prehistory to the XVII. c AD".
The tamga-sign on the golden applications from Issyk barrow (note 20) was really the mark of modern museum restorers….

Костюм древней Евразии (ираноязычные народы). Москва / Costume of the Ancient Eurasia (the Iranian-Speaking Peoples) (Kostyum drevney Evrazii [iranoyazychnye narody]) PART 1(TEXT) / ЧАСТЬ 1. (только текст). Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2006, 661 pp, 222 figs. ISBN 5-02-018495-0.

(222 plates of illustrations will be in special file. The pages' numeration is special for each b... more (222 plates of illustrations will be in special file. The pages' numeration is special for each big chapter. For real book numeration move the cursor to the right border of each pages / 222 таблицы иллюстраций будут в специальном файле. Нумерация по техническим причинам – отдельная для каждого большого раздела. Подлинную нумерацию стрнице в книге можно выяснить, подведя курсор к правой границе каждой страницы).
ABSTRACT:
In this book, you will find a complex research of the clothes of Iranian-speaking peoples beginning from their appearance in the world politics and in the written sources of the 7th–6th cc. BC and up to the Islamization of Iran and Transoxiana in the 7th–8th cc. AD. The accessories of the costume (except belts), the military costume, the rulers’ crowns and the costume materials themselves are not the subject matter of the text; but the hairstyle and sometimes tattoos are being under consideration. The first three chapters are devoted to analysis of the main periods of pre-Islamic history of the Iranian world (the time bounds being different for different regions): [1] the Achaemenid-Scythian time (the 7th–6th cc. BC — 4th–3rd cc. BC, for Transoxiana—up to the mid. of the 2nd cc. BC); [2] the Parthian-Sarmatian time (the 4th/3rd cc. BC — the 3rd/4th cc. AD); [3] the Sassanid and Early Medieval time (the 3/4th — the 7/8th cc. AD). The sections of these chapters deal with materials on the 13 peoples: (1) the Persians of the Achaemenian time; (2) the Early Scythians; (3) the Scythians of the “classic” period (the 5th–4th cc. BC); (4) the “Pazyrykians” of the Altai; (5) the Chorasmians (for all the 3 periods); (6) the Parnes—Parthians of Iran; (7) the Sarmatians and Early Alans; (8) the Yuech-chihs / Kushans of Bactria; (9) the Sogdians (the 2nd and 3rd periods); (10) the Indo-Scythians of Gandhara; 11) the Persians of the Sassanid time; (12) the Khotano-Sakas of Southern Xinjiang (the 2nd and 3rd periods); (13) the Tokharistanians (with other ethnic elements). As far as each of the above-mentioned peoples is concerned the above-stated ideas are analyzed and new materials (including unpublished ones) are taken into account, the details of many depictions are defined and the data on peoples are generalized for the first time. First of all, we have studied the costume of these 13 peoples, which gives the most abundant and many-sided information on the costume as clothes in real life are a mass phenomenon and can be studied productively and correctly only in big series (in case of single depictions rare costume elements and the looks of gods of foreign origin are mistakenly taken for typical ones).
The main tasks of the book are: 1. The reconstruction of the look of the ethnic clothing complex for each of the above-mentioned peoples: the silhouette, the cut (the information about the latter is limited) and the decorative prin-ciples, the last task being the most labour-intensive. The results allow of a reliable attribution of many artifacts from museums and private collections. 2. Eliciting the aesthetical ideal of different ethnic groups reflected in the costume; the analysis of the depictions of supposed representatives of a certain people in the art of other countries for defining the degree of the authenticity in the costume depiction and its representativeness for this ethnic group. 3. The comparative analysis of the costume of each separately taken synchronous people in each of the three main historical epochs; the analysis of the costume of each ethnic group in different periods for defining the character of the costume evolution and heredity. 4. The retrospective eliciting of the look of the original costume of the most ancient Iranians and the “costume” traces of the Iranian penetration to the west of Iran. 5. Eliciting the type of the costume contacts of ancient Iranian-speaking peoples and the difference in their importance. 6. The analysis of the summarized data on the least studied significant functions of the costume aiming at eliciting the specificity of the Iranian world and some of its peoples.
We suggest a complex approach including following elements: (1) dealing with all kinds of sources alongside ob-serving the most possible scope of facts on each studied people (in case of a technical impossibility, the representative statistic excerpts are studied); (2) the proper selection of the costume décor remnants from burials under analysis (only the accounts and publications of high quality are used) excluding significantly fragmented and stylized depictions and, for some regions, images of gods; (3) the analysis of the material according to the linguistic and ethnic principles—not a regional one (which is not typical for modern research on the costume history); (4) considering all the main costume attributes of the ethnic group as a single costume complex that reflects the specificity of the people; 5) the description of the costume of each ethnic group according to the common program in chapters 1–3; (6) considering ethnic complexes against the background of the synchronous neighbouring ones and both earlier and later ones up to their successors in the 19th–20th cc. AD (otherwise the rightfulness of most conclusions is difficult to guarantee); (7) the analysis of costume evolution of separate ethnic groups under the influence of different factors; (8) compiling a special summary tables on the costume of each people (each drawing in them not being an exact copy of a definite depiction, but given in the most appropriate foreshortening without unnecessary details interfering with perception).
MORE INFORMATION: 2nd Internet ed., Moscow: X-lab, 2011: http://www.narodko.ru/article/yatsenko/eurazia/ .

CONTENTS:
PREFACE 5
CHAPTER 1. The Achaemenian-Scythian time (7th/6th cc. — 4th/3rd cc. BC) 29
1.1. The Persians 29
1.2. The European Scythians 47
1.3. The Pazyryk culture of the Altai Mountains 83
1.4. The Khorasmians 102
The main conclusions 106
CHAPTER 2. The Parthian-Sarmatian time (3rd cc. BC — 3rd/4th cc. AD) 112
2.1. Parthian Iran 113
2.2. The Sarmatians, the Early Alans and the “Late Scythians” 131
2.3. The Yuech-chihs/Kushans 170
2.4. The Khorasmians 187
2.5. The Indo-Scythians 192
2.6. The Sogdians 197
2.7. The Khotano-Sakas 201
The main conclusions 207
CHAPTER 3. The Sasanian and Early Medieval (Pre-Islamic) time (3rd/4th–7th/8th cc. AD) 212
3.1. Sasanian Iran 213
3.2. The Sogdians 231
3.3. Tokharistan and the neighboring regions to the South 247
3.4. The Khorasmians 262
3.4. The Khotano-Sakas 266
The main conclusions 274
CHAPTER 4. The mechanisms of the costume contacts and
the ways of evolution of the costume of ancient Iranians.
The symbolism of costume 279
4.1. The mechanisms of the costume contacts 280
4.2. The ways of evolution of the costume of various peoples 314
4.3. The sign functions of the costume 322
The main conclusions 362
CONCLUSION 364
APPENDIX. The suggestions on the methods of fixation and description of the costume relics
in burial complexes 367
Glossary 370
BIBLIOGRAPHY 371
Abbreviations 416
List of Iluustrations (in English) 418
List of illustrations (in Russian) 423
Illustrations 435-657
Summary 658
Contents 663

Tamga-signs of Iranian-Speaking Peoples of Antiquity and Early Middle Ages (In Russian). Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2001: ENGLISH SUMMARY, CONTENTS AND LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

The monograph is devoted to the complex analysis of signs of property (nišan/gakk) in different r... more The monograph is devoted to the complex analysis of signs of property (nišan/gakk) in different regions of Iranian World. The most numerous and the best studied collection of signs from European Steppes of the 1st c. BCE – 4th c. CE became the basis of investigation of the sucession of the forms of signs and their customary usage from nomadic Sarmatians up to the modern peoples of the Central part of the Northern foothills of Caucasus. It gave the possibility to use widely the data of ethnology. Special attention is paid to the questions of methodology; defining the notion «tamga», criterea of similarity of signs while describing them, ways of creating of new forms (fig. 3), a «big» clan sign and its variants and «small» family signs, variants of individual handwriting, the mechanism of borrowings by other ethnic groups. Besides the defence of property the images of the signs marked the participation of members of the clan in collective actions (concluding treaties, religious ceremonies in sanctuaries, fraternization, take part in public building).
The forms of signs in the Northern Caucasus have stayed unchanged for about 2000 years in the boundaries of the group of kindred ethnic groups, as far as some famous clan saving be declined its tamga was expropriated by another clan. The regions where the custom of wide usage of tamgas was originated from, were found (Western Turkestan, Mongolia - no later than the beg. of the 6th c. BC). Special attention is also paid to signs of Sarmato-Alans of Europe, those signs belonging to the representatives of aristocracy only. The signs are described according to the principles of chronological groups and separate regions. The accumulations of signs are usually of interregional character and reflects different economical, political and religious actions. The analysis of using the tamgas of the most powerful clans and kings of Bosporus Kingdom gave the opportunity to define precisely their genealogy and their relations with the territories where their forefathers had emigrated to Europe (Chorasmia/Khwarezm, Kangju, Bactria, Sogdiana). The signs on bricks from agricultural Iranian regions were the signs of the property of the noble clans and families, the signs of the craftsmen’s ones and the signs of peasants’ ones (the members of which were mobilized for the public building). The signs (“monograms”) of the Sasanids were, probably, usual tamgas of a clan and presented the combination of 2-3 simple types known in Iranian world (the signs of mother and father + additional elements coming into existence in the process of a new clan forming: pl. 33a). The Turks, having conquered most of the Iranian peoples’ territories since the 6th-7th cc., borrowed numerous types of signs. But Turkic tamgas had other functions (they had the names of different things or phenomena, they could be sat on by the ruler. They also were personal signs and tribal signs). The differentiating of Alanian signs from Turkic ones in European Steppes of the 6th-12th cc. presents a complicated task. Most of tamgas preserved are concentrated in several regions, mostly connected with the Alans (fig. 36).

ENGLISH CONTENTS (p. 189):

Preface (History and the Main Problems of Studies of «Tamga»-Signs of
the Iranian Peoples) 3
Capter 1. Problems of Methodology and the Metodics of «Tamga»-Signs’
studes 11
Chapter 2. Origin and the Spreading of «Tamga»-Signs in the Iranian World 27
Chapter 3. «Tamga»-Signs of Sarmatia (the Chronological and Regional
Specificity) 31
Chapter 4. «King’s Signs» of the Rulers of Bosporan Kingdom and the
Sarmatians of the Western Ukraine and Their Origin 45
Chapter 5. Accumulations («Encyclopaediae») of «Tamga»-Signs and the Twin
Sign’s Pictures in Sarmatia 61
Chapter 6. «Tamga»-Signs ans the Political History, Genealogy of the
Aristocratic Clans of Sarmato-Alans 84
Chapter 7. Signs of the Basins of Amudar’ya and Syrdar’ya 93
Chapter 8. Signs of Iran 101
Chapter 9. «Tamga»-Signs of the South Siberia and Mongolia 105
Chapter 10. Correlation of «Tamga»-Signs of the Iranian and Turkic Peoples 107
Chapter 11. «Tamga»-Signs of the Medieval Alans 110
Conclusion 118
Bibliography 120
Abbreviations 137
List of Illustrations (in Russian) 140
List of Illustrations (in English) 150
Iillustrations 151-186
Summmary 187
Russian Contents 190

ENGLISH LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
p. 150 -
Fig. 1. The Sarmatian instrument for stamping (1) and the wooden cup (2) (the 1st-3rd cc. CE): 1 – Kirsanovskii III, barrow 1; 2 – Miloradovka, barrow 1.
Fig. 2. The indelicate «close analogies» for the «tamga»-signs of Sarmatia.
Fig. 3. Seven main ways of creating of new forms of the «tamga»-signs (Sarmatia).
Fig. 4. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia of the 1st c. BCE - 1st half of the 1st c. CE
Fig. 5. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia of mid. 1st – mid. 2nd cc. CE.
Fig. 6. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia of the mid. 2nd – mid. 3rd cc. CE.
Fig. 7. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia of the mid. 3rd - the late 4th cc. CE.
Fig. 8. The mirgations of the objects with the signs in verious chronological groups.
Fig. 9. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the stone plate from Kerch (Eastern Crimea) found in 1871.
Fig. 10. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the marble lion № 1 from Olbia.
Fig. 11. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the marble lion № 2 from Olbia.
Fig. 12. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the stella from Krivoy Rog.
Fig. 13. The regional signs of Sarmatia in caves in Ak-Kaya and Kamennaya Mogila
Fig. 14. The verious signs.
Fig. 15. The variants of individual handwriting of the signs of the kings of Bosporus.
Fig. 16. The accumulations of «tamga»-signs in Bayte III sanctuary (Ustyurt plateau).
Fig. 17. The published types of «tamga»-signs of Bayte III and their analogies.
Fig. 18. The signs of Bel’bek IV necropolis (S-W Crimea, the 1st-3rd cc. CE) and thir analogies (20-26).
Fig. 19. The signs of the most politacaly active noble clans of Sarmato-Alans.
Fig. 20. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the plates from Tanais (1 – Novocherkassk Museum; 2- Tanais gates, 1993).
Fig. 21. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the plates from Tanais Novocherkassk Museum).
Fig. 22. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the plate from Tanais (Novocherkassk Museum).
Fig. 23. The specific regional signs of Sarmatia on the plates from Tanais (Novocherkassk Museum).
Fig. 24. The small objects with several signs (Sarmatia, mid. 1st - mid. 2nd cc. CE)
Fig. 26. The accumulations of signs (Sarmatia, mid. 1st - mid. 2nd cc. CE)
Fig. 27. The signs of the Basins of Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers (th 6th – 2nd cc. BCE).
Fig. 28. The signs of the Basins of Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers (the 1st c. BCE - the 3rd c. CE).
Fig. 29. The signs of the Basins of Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers (the 4th – the 8th cc. CE).
Fig. 30. The non-published signs on the pottery from Koy-Krylgan-kala (Khwarezm), the 4th-2nd cc. BCE.
Fig. 31. The accumulations of signs on the column from Takhti-Sangin Sanctiary (Bactria) and their analogies (17-41).
Fig. 32. The signs of the Achaemenian Iran (by J. Boardman 1998, 2000).
Fig. 33. The signs of the Parthian (b) and Sasanian (a, c-d) Iran; e – late Kashkai nomads signs?
Fig. 34.The accumulations of signs from Mongolia (a,c), Russian Altay (b), Transoxiana (d-f).
Fig. 35. The «tamga»-signs of the Altay (a-b) and Mongolia (d-f).
Fig. 36. The «tamga»-signs of the medieval Alans (the 6th-14th cc.).

The Probable Epic Heroes of Scythians Against the Background of Other Ancient Iranian and Iranized Peoples of Steppe / Вероятные герои эпоса скифов на фоне древних иранских и иранизированных обществ Степи

New Hermes, 13-4, St Petersburg, 2021

We see a paradoxical situation among in the studies of the nomads of the Steppe in the Scythian-S... more We see a paradoxical situation among in the studies of the nomads of the Steppe in the Scythian-Saka period. The experts on European Scythians see in all anthropomorphic compositions only myths, and experts on rock art of Southern Siberia - usually an epic. Probably both positions are extremes. The several alleged plots of the heroic epic are analyzed, first of all, in the two opposite ends of the Great Steppe, in the developed pictorial traditions of the Scythians-Skolotes (Ukraine and NW Caucasus) and Tagar Culture (Khakassia). The main subjects studied are the different types of conflict between two warriors (Figs. 1-2); the clash of two groups of warriors (one of which is smaller, but it wins) (Figs. 3-5); scenes of "miracle hunting" (Figs. 6-8); the hero's struggle with giants, monsters or spirits (Fig. 9), two heroes in a sacred situation (Fig. 10); the hero as a leader (Fig. 11); the hero entering the labyrinth (Fig. 12).

Some Notes on the Tamga-Signs of Sarmatians and Their Neighbours / Несколько заметок о знаках-тамгах сарматов и их соседей (with Rogozhinskii A.E.)

Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, Vol. 13, 2021

The prototypes of Sarmatian mirrors-pendants with tamgas known in the II-I centuries BCE around B... more The prototypes of Sarmatian mirrors-pendants with tamgas known in the II-I centuries BCE around Balkhash Lake, Kazakhstan (figs. 1-5). There are also late Tagar subjects in art and also tamgas of future rulers of more western territories (figs. 6-7). In the Tagar Great Salbyk Barrow tamgas of late time, similar to Sarmatian ones, were depicted in narrow stripes along the edges (figs. 11-14). In the late period of use of Baite III temple the signs of the Lower Don and the "Barbarian" Crimea predominate among the Sarmatian regional tamgas in the 1st – early 2nd cc. CE when trade was most intense (figs. 15-16). The rituals over the stele with tamgas in Minguriuk are interesting (fig. 17). On the horse harness and belts of the Roman officers of the 2nd quarter – mid. 2nd c. CE the tamgas belong to the Middle Sarmatian culture and represent the strongest groups (Aorsia in the west of Ukraine and Alania on the Lower Don) (fig. 18). These signs on spectacular trophies become the part of "Sarmatian fashion" for cavalry, along with the military equipment of nomads. The single important finds with tamgas associated with Olbia and Panticapaeum are analized also (figs. 19-20).
Key words: tamga-signs, Sarmatians, the birthplace of Sarmatian mirrors-pendants, tamgas and Tagarian motifs near Balkhash Lake, "Sarmatian fashion" for tamgas in the Roman army, ritual use of artifacts with tamgas.

On the Problem of "Reading" the Costume in the Visual Sources / О проблемах "прочтения" костюма в визуальных источниках

RSUH Bulletin / Вестиник РГГУ, 'Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies' Series, 9/2, 2021

The overview of numerous problems related to the analysis of costume in the visual arts of tradit... more The overview of numerous problems related to the analysis of costume in the visual arts of traditional societies is given. Most of them are not realized by colleagues. Among the most serious difficulties are those related to the schematism and fragmentation of images and the desire to present a complete reconstruction of the costume. Some problems connected with the poses of the personages, the use of old iconography (including foreign), the dominance of stereotypical images of foreigners. In the ancient art verismo was very important, associated with the emphasis on socially significant elements of the costume. The most common initiators of costume innovations were the rulers, as well as their favorites and other people around them. The motives of the behavior of "fashionable" rulers are usually unclear. Each group of the most popular subjects is associated with different sets, types of costume and different symbolic interpretation. Its specificity is analyzed in different ways of interpreting images - heroization, methods of individualization of the appearance of the same type of characters in groups etc. Many problems are associated with the adequacy of the color scheme, with the level of its conventionality, with the degree of its preservation, with the capabilities of the craftsmen, with the interpretation of the materials from which the elements of the costume were made. It is difficult to interpret the perception of archaic elements of cut and silhouette in various societies, to clarify the costume of some seasons of the year. With the dominance of gala and ceremonial costume, they can’t be often distinguished.
Key words: interpretation of the costume in the visual arts, problems of adequate description, the role of plots, methods of interpretation of images, color combinations

On the Sarmatian Ornaments / О сарматской орнаментике

From the History of the North Caucasian Peoples Culture, Vol. 15, Stavropol, 2022

The variants of Sarmatian geometric ornaments on those categories of artifacts that rarely attrac... more The variants of Sarmatian geometric ornaments on those categories of
artifacts that rarely attract the attention of colleagues are analyzed. Of particular interest are the small rugs known both from the images (fig. 1) and their remains in burials, as well as two banners in the "Dachi" barrow (fig. 2, 4). It is important also the design of the rock crypt 9 (the turn of the 2nd – 3rd cc. CE) in the former Scythian Neapolis, connected with the
Bosporan "Alans" and, probably, imitated the small wooden temple (fig. 3). The specific tradition of the 1st – 3rd cc. CE is the compositions with rows and figures of identical and different tamga-signs (fig. 6). The decoration of bone and shell wares is usually reduced to a few simple techniques (fig. 7 – 8). The ornamental engravings on stone are known for the
easternmost groups of Sarmatians (fig. 9). The ornamentation of shields of the 2nd century CE is interesting (fig. 11).
Key words: Sarmatians, geometric ornaments, rugs, banners, shields, bone and shell carvings, products with a series of tamga-signs, stone engravings.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
Fig. 1. The probable images of Sarmatian rugs of the late 1st – early 3rd cc. CE: 1-2 - Scythian Neapolis, Eastern Necropolis, crypt 9, the eastern and western walls; 3 – the torque from barrow 10 in Kobyakovo (detail).
Fig. 2. Two former banner clothes and rug from the cache in barrow 1 in Dachi.
Fig. 3. The design of crypt 9 of the Eastern Necropolis in Scythian Neapolis, the late 2nd – early 3rd cc. CE (copy of 1946 y.)
Fig. 4. The golden applications: 1 – Peregruznoe I, barrow 45; 2 – Sokolova Mogila, the sleeve of long sleeved coat; 3 – the changing of applications form for Sarmatian of Kuban’ Basin, after I.I. Marchenko; 4 – Novoaleksandrovka I, barrow 20.
Fig. 5. The gold plaiting: 1 – Zubovskii khutor; 2 – Kazakliya, barrow 10; 3 – Lipetsk barrow; 4 – Vyazovo, barrow 37; 5 – Karstovyi, barrow 1.
Fig. 6. The wares with the series of Sarmatian tamga-signs: 1 – Roshava Dragana; 2 – Kirovskii I, barrow 1; 3 – Tiflisskaya, barrow 10; 4 – Kazanskaya, barrow 6; 5 – Neizats, pit 2 with a pottery; 6 – Poyana; 7 – Teleubulak.
Fig. 7. The bone artifacts: 1 – Neizats, grave 194; 2 – Vysochino V, barrow 18; 3 – Neizats, barrows 4 and 281; 4 – Baislantash Cave; 5 – Petrunino-II, barrow 4; 6 – Brut, barrow 18.
Fig. 8. The wares made of shells and soft stone: 1 – Ust’-Labinskaya, barrow 18; 2 – Krasnyi Yar, barrow 20; 3 – Krinichnoe; 4 - Baislantash Cave.
Fig. 9. The ornamental engravings on stone in Ustyurt Plateau and the neighbouring territories: 1-3 – Bayte III temple; 4 – the upper Emba / Jem River.
Fig. 10. The golden applications of wooden vessels, the applications and gold foil wares: 1 – Plastunovskaya, barrow 2; 2 – Porogi, grave 1; 3 – Nekrasovskaya, barrow 5; 4 – Ust’-Labinskaya, barrow 47.
Fig. 11. The Sarmatian shields in Roman trophies: 1 - Traianus Column; 2 – Marcus Aurelius coin, 176 CE; 3 – the ornamental elements (a-e – the tamga-signs analogies).

Nishan-Signs of the Aristocracy of Sasanian Iran / Знаки-нишан аристократии сасанидского Ирана

Circumpontica, Vol. 3, Moscow, 2021

The systematic analysis and identification of nishan-signs of the Sasanian shahanshahs and nobili... more The systematic analysis and identification of nishan-signs of the Sasanian shahanshahs and nobility in various aspects of their perception and usage by contemporaries and immediate descendants.
Methodology: The complex of author’s methods of study of the nishan/tamga type sign systems was developed after 1995 and is internationally recognized.
Results: The main features of the Sasanian nishans on the material of the Imperial nobility, as well as their proximity to the signs of the Iranian world, are defined. 22 signs of shahanshahs have been identified. The personalities of the reformers who changed the principles of usage and appearance of elite signs are clarified.
Research implications: For the first time the complex of clan, family and personal emblems of the aristocracy of one of the biggest empires of the Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages has been
comprehensively studied.
Keywords: nishan-signs, Sassanid Empire of Iran, aristocracy, principles of emblems’ usage, identification of signs of rulers, chronological specifics

The Garden of Abdallah al-Arab al-Yamani al-Hadramauti of the early 16th c. near the Medieval Sauran / Сад Абдаллаха ал-Араба ал-Йамани ал-Хадрамаути начала XVI в. у средневекового Саурана

IICAS Bulletin, Samarkand, 2021

The remains of the only well-preserved medieval garden in Transoxiana, which is located near the ... more The remains of the only well-preserved medieval garden in Transoxiana, which is located near the sub-medieval town of Sauran, 43 km north from Turkestan city in Southern Kazakhstan, are analyzed. The garden was abandoned shortly after its creation and its territory has never been actively used by people. The authorities of Kazakhstan have not yet found money for its excavation, and this characteristic is given by aerial photos at low altitude and by studying its surface. The 800x470 m garden appeared at the entrance to the residence of the authoritative sheikh Mir-i Arab, who had a great influence in Bukhara. Its south part was intended for fruit trees, and the northern part was probably for flowers and herbs (bostan). In 1515 the residence and garden were destroyed by the sheikh's political opponents.

SOME COMPOSITIONS WITH SCYTHIAN PERSONAGES ON GREEK-SCYTHIAN AND SCYTHIAN TOREUTIC WARES OF THE 4TH – EARLY 3RD CC. BCE / НЕСКОЛЬКО КОМПОЗИЦИЙ СО СКИФСКИМИ ПЕРСОНАЖАМИ В ГРЕКО-СКИФСКОЙ И СКИФСКОЙ ТОРЕВТИКЕ IV – НАЧАЛА III ВВ. ДО Н.Э.

Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, Vol. 12, 2020

The specific features of multi-figure scenes of the conflict between two groups of warriors on go... more The specific features of multi-figure scenes of the conflict between two groups of warriors on golden "caps" from the eastern outskirts of Scythia (Perederieva Mogila, Sengileevskoe-2, Kurdzhips) (figs. 1, 5, 8) and on the gilded bronze details of the sarcophagus of 2002 y. from Anapa (figs. 9-10, 14), the costume specificity of the personages, weapons set and the details of composition of each of these two opposing groups are considered. These details were previously overlooked by colleagues. The attempts to connect such compositions with one of the few texts known to Greek authors seem unpromising. These scenes represent the special, folk-like reality of epic songs, where a small group or a single hero defeats more numerous and better-equipped enemies. One of the enemies often tries to suddenly capture a prisoner. The positive heroes in doubles matches are always depicted on the right.
The subjects with the collective hunt and the sacred scenes (the miracle hunt and the horses sacriface) that complemented it are analyzed for the stlengida plate Pesochin unique from Scythian gala female headdresses (fig. 25).
The only deity on the Scythian weapons – the man-rooster with his accompanying dragons from the Soboleva Mogila (fig. 18) is originally associated with the art of Bronze Age Margiana (Margush), then with Khorezm (ethnically related to Margiana) and later used by Sogdians (figs. 20-24).

Key words: Scythians, epic scenes and deitis, images of the 4th – early 3rd cc. BCE in the Eastern Scythia, cpecificity of compositions and costume, clashs of two groups of warriors, golden “caps”, details of sarcophaguses, headdresses and weapons.

Sarmatian Tamgas Usage by the Northern and Western Neighbours in the 1st – 4th cc. CE / Использование сарматских тамг западными и северными соседями в I-IV вв. н.э.

Archeologicheskoe nasledie / The Archaeological Heritage, 2020/1, Voronezh, pp. 409-420, 2020

Sarmatian tamga-signs studied in three big contact zones: with Goths in Poland and Western Ukrain... more Sarmatian tamga-signs studied in three big contact zones: with Goths in Poland and Western Ukraine, with the tribes of upper Oka Basin near Moscow, with local population of Dacia before and after Roman invasion.
1. The Sarmatian tamgas on the Germanic ritual spears of the 2nd-3rd cc. CE is known in 17 points, mainly on the territory of Poland and the border areas of Ukraine (Fig. 1). Most of these finds were made in the basin of the Oder and its left tributaries (Fig. 2, Ns. 3-8) and in the upper reaches of the Vistula (Fig. 2, Ns. 9, 12, 16-17). Usually they were found in graves, they have different preservation. In 12 cases the tamgas of Sarmatian types are accompanied by runic texts, often with symbols of the sun and moon and ornaments. In Bozdanowo, a spear with tamga No 32 was stuck in the cut of the grave, point up. Voronyatov S.V. and Machinsky D.A. (2010, p. 66) offer three variants for the purpose of these spears: 1) magic weapons made by sorcerers; 2) these are the tops of battle banners; 3) these are items for counting the number of killed enemies. All these versions seem equally unlikely. 25 signs are known on the spears, there are usually identical to those of the nomads of the Middle Sarmatian Culture of the 1st – early 2nd cc. CE, for later time – only four (Ns. 24, 25, 28, 38) (Fig. 3). 89 % of the signs used by the Sarmatians BEFORE the appearance of the Germans in the area of residence of the Sarmatian nomads. Most of the types of tamg nomads were used by the Sarmatians of the Lower Don (7) and the Crimea (4) – the most remote territories from the Germans and there they were used by the local elite only. A special importance had the Sarmatian signs of the Lower Don: they are found in 10 points, and some signs are met three times (Gotland Island); tamgas Ns. 22, 24 are especially popular. Most of tamgas came to the Goths when they were still weak, and Sarmatian groups were very powerful. The Goths gained the right to use Sarmatian signs as allies and as a result of elite marriages. The version of S. V. Voronyatov about "trophy tamgas" has no historical analogues and is not supported by facts.
2. The Sarmatian tamgas in the late Dyakovo Culture (to the north, near Moscow) and partly in the early Moshchiny Culture (to the south, near Kaluga) in the Upper Oka Basin in Forest Zone (Fig. 4). Here the signs are represented on the bronze ornaments of women's costume (most often belts) and they appeared in the 2nd century AD. The most active tamgas' usage we see in Lukovnya I settlement. Probably, at first, the tamgas of the Sarmatians of the Bosporan Kingdom came to the north, and a little later, after the middle of the 2nd century AD, the tamgas of the Western Ukrainian nomads came to the south. These tamgas got to the deep regions of the Forest Zone together with the Sarmatian wives. The allied relations with the far northern tribes were needed by the Sarmatians to more reliably control the tributary tribes of the Forest-Steppe Zone.
3. The Sarmatian tamgas of the local population of Dacia. Usually the colleagues believe that such signs were used only before the occupation of this territory by Rome in 106 CE, but this cannot be accepted. The most important to clarify the situation of the settlement, where large series of signs are identified. The concentration of signs is marked between the Seret and Prut Rivers on the border with Sarmatian Steppes (Fig. 5). Almost all signs that are reliably associated with a specific region and period for Sarmatians are found in Poiana settlement. Here we see a wide variety of Sarmatian tamgas from the Lower Don up to the Western Ukraine, from the early 1st to the mid. 3rd cc. CE. Most often these tribes lived far from the borders of Dacia. The emergence of Sarmatian tamgas in Romania was the result of various types of contacts – the military alliances, the sedentarization of Sarmatian small groups, with Sarmatian wives, after trade and other reasons.
KEY WORDS: tamga-signs of Sarmatians, the 1st - 4th cc. CE, use by a neighbouring peoples, Goths, tribes of the upper Oka River, Dacians.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:
Fig. 1. German gala spears of the 2nd-3rd cc. CE with Sarmatian tamga-signs (based on: Yatsenko, Dobrzhanska, 2012, fig. 2-3; Voronyatov, 2014, fig. 8; 2015, fig. 2-3): 1 – Valle; 2 – Mos; 3 – Medow; 4 – Müunchenberg-Dahmsdorf; 5 – Jankowo; 6 – Bozdanowo; 7 – Wresńia; 8 – Zadowice; 9 – Strycowice; 10 – Rozwadów; 11 – Suzyczno; 12 – Kamienica; 13 – Nedobjewicy; 14 – private collection (the find point is known approximately); 15 – Mušov; 16 – Podloduw; 17 – Gach.
Fig. 2. The distribution area of German gala spears of the 2nd-3rd cc. CE with Sarmatian tamga-signs and distribution of their types in complexes (the map base: Voronyatov, 2015, fig.11).
Fig. 3. Forms of the identical marks on the German spears of the 2nd-3rd cc. CE: 1-45 – the “printed” forms of signs; A-E – the groups of forms probably genetically related to each other.
Fig. 4. Sarmatian tamgas on the metal costume accessories of the Dyakovo and the early Moshchiny Cultures of the Upper Oka Basin of the 1st-4th cc. CE (the circles of dots are circled products with one row of punctures made by kapernick).
Fig. 5. The mains find points of Sarmatian tamgas from the Lower Danube Basin (the future Dacia Inferior) in Pre-Roman period (based on: Voronyatov, 2014, figs. 4-6): 1-4 – the points are not specified; 5-6 – Dumbrava; 7 – Brad; 8 – Synsimion; 9-22 – Poiana.

Costume of Seljuks and Their Subjects in the Images from Iran and Anatolia of the 12th-13th cc. / Кoстюм Сельджуков и их подданных на изображениях Ирана и Анатолии XII-XIII вв.

"Fashion and Design" Conference - XXIII, St-Petersburg , 2020

The author systimatically analized the male and female costume of Seljuk on the materials of Iran... more

Tamgas of the 2nd - middle 4th cc. CE from Kul'tobe of Turkestan / Тамги II - середины IV вв. н.э. из Культобе Туркестанского

Archaeology of Uzbekistan, No 2, 2020

The fixing and description of tamga-signs during the excavations of settlements is still insuffic... more The fixing and description of tamga-signs during the excavations of settlements is still insufficiently studied theme. The practice of their describing for each section is not applied yet, this is a matter of the future. The article devoted to the experience of such a characteristic of tamgas in Kul'tobe hillfort of ancient Kangju state of the 2nd – 4th cc. CE in Turkestan / Yassy city, studied since 2011.The dating of the settlement has recently been updated to a later time. The tamgas reliably identified in the sections were not evenly met, they are
documented only for the sections inside the early settlement wall; they were not found in the early crossshaped building. The planigraphy of tamgas in the "corner house", in the area of the jewelry workshop and in
courtyards with temporary winter houses was analyzed. The collection of tamgasthat were found in unknown sections provides also the interesting information.
List of Illustrations:
Fig. 1. Air photo of the early fortress Kultobe of Turkestan, the part of the late antiquity buildings excavated before 2015 y.
Fig. 2. Plan of the excavated part of Kultobe of Turkestan, drawing of Alexey Kulish. The western part of the settlement, excavated after 2014 y., presented after air photo, without measurement.
Fig. 3. Tamga-signs types distribution on the pottery from the rooms in Kultobe of Turkestan: I – ‘khum’ big vessel; II - jars; III - pots; IV - cups; V – ‘tagora’ basins; VI – cauldrons; VII - censers; VIII – ‘khumcha’ vessels; IX - flasks.
Fig. 4. Tamgas on the ‘khum’ vessels in the room 13 of Kultobe.
Fig. 5. Tamgas from the “Corner House” in Kultobe.
Fig. 6. Tagora’ basin in the room 40 of Kultobe.
Fig. 7. ‘Khum’ slipware vessel from the room 42 with the drawing of big tamga in Kultobe.
Fig. 8. The samples of the most popular signs in Kultobe of Turkestan.

Jewelry of Achaemenian Iran on the Territories of Steppe Nomads // Ювелирные изделия ахеменидского Ирана на территории степных кочевников

Russia and the East: the Interaction in Art, 2020

One area of concentration of golden Achaemenian jewelry of the 5th-4th cc. BCE identified in the ... more One area of concentration of golden Achaemenian jewelry of the 5th-4th cc. BCE identified in the steppes of SW Siberia (Siberian Collection of Peter I, bought from robbers for the tsar family). The second area of such artifacts concentration was the South Ural where they were founded in archaeological context for men and for women and their diversity was more fully documented (for men they are diverse, for women they were usually the costume accessories). The composition of artifacts in both regions corresponds to the information of Greek and Roman authors on gifts of the “king of kings” for merits, on his diplomatic gifts and gifts in return. Both regions were far from the borders of the Empire, but were important areas of fur hunting (from the South Ural it was easier to deliver; therefore, it was also a key point of trade routes later). The jewelry wares demonstrates the costs incurred by the first “world Empire” to ensure a stable fur trade. They were, probably, gifts from the rulers of the border satrapies, made on behalf of the king.

Key words: jewelry wares of Achaemenian Iran, concentration in the SW Siberia and South Ural, king / satraps gifts, fur trade, 5th-4th cc. BCE.

List of illustrations
Fig. 1. The main zones of Achaemenian jewelry concentration in Steppe: 1 – Siberian Collection of Peter I (base: H. Parzinger); 2 – South Ural (base: Vliianiia 2012).
Fig. 2. Torques of the Achaemenian tradition in the Siberian Collection of Peter I: 1 – Iran 2004; 2, 9 – after Ivanov A.A., Lukonon V.G., Smesova L.S.; 3, 6, 7 – after S.I. Rudenko; 4, 5 – after E.F. Korolkva; 8 – Mir kochevnikov 2013.
Fig. 3. Bracelets and earrings of the Achaemenian tradition in the Siberian Collection of Peter I (after S.I. Rudenko).
Fig. 4. Golden vessel (1) and the golden handles of wooden vessels (2) from the Siberian Collection of Peter I and the silver vessel handle, the purchase of G.F. Miller, 1734 (3): 1,3 - after Ivanov A.A., Lukonon V.G., Smesova L.S.; 2 – Ibid, and Siberia 2001.
Fig. 5. The golden horse harness details in the Siberian Collection of Peter I: 1 – Iran 2004; 2 – Siberia 2001.
Fig. 6. The Nowruz gifts to the “king of kings” of the Iranian peoples (after A. Tourovets).
Fig. 7. The Achaemenian jewelry from barrow 1 in Filippovka I (after Zolotye oleni 2002; Vliianiia 2012).
Fig. 8. The Achaemenian jewelry from other barrows in Filippovka I (after Zolotye oleni 2002; Vliianiia 2012).
Fig. 9. Combination of the torque and silver rhyton from the male graves of South Ural (after Vliianiia 2012).
Fig. 10. The Achaemenian jewelry from the female graves of South Ural (after Vliianiia 2012).
Fig. 11. “Herodotus Road” from Scythia to the South Ural (Herod. IV. 24) and its archaeological traces.
Fig. 12. “The Northern Road” of the 1st c. CE after “Hou Han shu”, 88 (in red) and the “Khwarezmian Road” of the 1st c. BCE – 4th c. CE (in blue), which ended the South Ural (Yan / 嚴).

Смагулов Ербулат Акижанович: вклад в археологию / Smagulov Erbulat Akizhanovich: contrubution to Archaeology

IICAS UNESCO Bulletin, 29, Samarkand, 2020

The studies of our died friend, the well-known archeologist of Kazakhstan E.A. Smagulov (1952-201... more The studies of our died friend, the well-known archeologist of Kazakhstan E.A. Smagulov (1952-2019) during 1972-2019 were analyzed. After the influence of his mentors (L.B. Erzakovich, V.M. Masson, K.M. Baipakov), he made the main object of research the cities and fortresses of ancient and early medieval times in the oases of Southern Kazakhstan. Since 1996 he organized Turkestan expedition and concentrated on the study of Turkestan Oasis. He was able to explore for the first time to excavate large areas of important monuments with adobe construction – Sauran (figs 7, 10). and old Sauran (Karatobe: figs. 8-9) cities, Shavgar (Shoitobe), old Yassy/Turkestan with the early Kultobe citadel (figs. 2, 11) the key Pre-Islamic religious center Sidak (figs. 3, 5, 6), the Goden Horde’ city Jaiik and manage to open them to the world. A significant topic of his work was the study of the early layers connected with the first state in the region – Kangju “nomadic empire”, with the descendants of its population. He considered the history and culture of Kangju in interaction to both the more southern oases and the nomadic Sarmatians. E.A. Smagulov fought for the creation of continuous protected areas around Sauran and Old Turkestan to preserve historical landscapes; he paid much attention to the restoration and museumfication of the excavated monuments, the promotion of science. Most of all he was interested in the history of settlement’ planning and housing, the development of burial structures and related rites, the crafts connected with pottery nonferrous metals, the tamga-signs. A special field of his research was the local pre-Islamic Mazdeism, its temple complexes in Sidak and Kultobe, their comparing with materials from southern and eastern neighbors. He was a broad-minded researcher who was able to solve general questions of the history and culture of Central Asia on the basis of local materials.

Key words:
Samagulov E.A., fields of studies, Kangju “nomadic empire”, early medieval buildings and crafts, Mazdeist cultic objects, preservation of historic landscapes, methods of tamga-signs studies.

Yatsenko S.A., Choref M.M. On the Atrributioan of "Portreit of Hadrian" in a Laurel Wreath" from the Collection of State Hermitage / К атрибуции "портрета Адриана в лавровом венке" из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа

by Sergey Yatsenko and Mikhail Choref

Scripta Antiqua, No 9, 2020

The object of study was a marble bust, the so-called “Portrait of Hadrian in a laurel wreath”, ke... more The object of study was a marble bust, the so-called “Portrait of Hadrian in a laurel wreath”, kept in the collection of the State Hermitage. It attributed as an image of a noble and influential provincial who lived in Syria in the second and third quarters of the 3rd century. Many details allow us to see in it Odaenathus of Palmyra. We believe that his statue was installed on the main forum of Elia Capitolina. Judging by the expression, it should be about his intravital image. The appearance of the Odaenathus statue in Aelia Capitolina was due to the entry of Syria Palaestina into the zone of influence of Palmyra during his reign since 260 CE.
Key words: history, antiquity, sculpture, Palmyra, Odaenathus.

PECTORALS OF THE IRANIAN-SPEAKING AND IRANIZED PEOPLES IN ANTIQUITY (Nizhnevartovsk, 2019)

Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, Vol. 11, 2019

Pectorals of the Iranian World in the 7th c. BCE — the 7th c. CE were very rare costume accessori... more Pectorals of the Iranian World in the 7th c. BCE — the 7th c. CE were very rare costume accessories, usually made of gold. Many of them had no décor (Figs. 3, 1; 5,1; 10, 2). They are almost not represented in the visual arts and are not mentioned in written sources. The ritual value of pectorals is demonstrated by rites with them and their owners (placing them separately from the dead body (Arzhan-2), as if hanging over him (Tolstaya Mogila); remove all the lower pendants (Figs. 2, 2; 6, 2; 7; 16, 3); finding graves with them on the edge of the necropolises (Bolshaya Bliznitsa, Tolstaya Mogila) etc.). There are differences in the subjects between women (1—2 rows of hoofs) and men (torment of large animals or fighting, two symmetrical pairs – three men). The original impulse came from the Bronze Age NW China (Fig. 1) and since the 7th c. BCE from Tuva (Figs. 2; 3, 1), in the second half of the 6th c. BCE they appear in the Achaemenian Empire (Figs. 5-7; 15) and since the mid. 5th c. BCE in European Scythia (Figs. 10-12; 15). In the western regions they were influenced by the peculiarities of the Urartu pectorals (Figs. 4). Their purpose was probably different for different peoples (in Tuva — the symbols of the dominant clans, in Iran — the royal gifts to officials, in Scythia — the sacred attributes with the image of Universe model). The last area of their usage until recently was the Eastern Hindukush where Pashtun and Dardic peoples preserved the part of traditions of the ancient Iranians in the décor of pectorals (Figs. 18-20).

KEY WORDS: pectorals, ancient Iranian World, stages of distribution, specificity of regional usage, ritual and social functions, gender difference, rites with pectorals.

INTERETHNIC RELATIONS AROUND THE MOUTH OF DON IN THE 1st – 3rd CC. CE (Stavropol, 2020)

Iz istorii kul'tury narodov Severnogo Kavkaza (On the Culture' History of the Peoples of Norhern Caucasus (Vol. 12), 2020

There is no reason to consider the Meaotean settlements around Don Mouth, which arose mainly in t... more There is no reason to consider the Meaotean settlements around Don Mouth, which arose mainly in the 1st c. AD, an agricultural district of Bosporan Tanais. It is more likely that the Maeoteans were forcibly relocated from Kuban River by the Sarmatian nobility. Each of their settlements had a special relationship with Sarmatian groups, including marriage. A series of graves of Sarmatian wives - warriors integrated into local communities have been identified in Kobyakovo (figs. 4, 6, 7). Maeoteans were actively engaged in crafts and trade, had two cities (Navaris and Exopolis) (fig. 2). The significant part of their products went to the neighboring nomads.The nomadic Sarmatians did not threaten Tanais (except for the rapid change of Sarmatian cultures in the middle of the 2the c. CE). Their groups were initially present in the city and occupied a fairly honorable place in it (figs. 3, 5). Judging by the tamga-signs, it was the Lower Don Sarmatian nobility that soon (from the mid. of the 3rd c. CE) became part of the elite of the capital of Bosporus (figs. 8, 9). The dominance of the Sarmatians in the Mouth of Don is eloquently evidenced by the concentration of ancestral cemeteries of their aristocracy around Tanais and large Maeotean settlements (fig. 1) and also almost complete absence of influence of Greek culture and everyday life on local Maeoteans . Probably, in Tanais the trade route from the South Ural ended which was a continuation of the "Northern Road" from the capital of China via Kangju (fig. 10). The Sarmatian-Bosporan symbiosis associated with the benefits of world trade long existed at the Mouth of Don at that time (fig. 11).

Keywords:
Sarmatians’ penetration into Maeotean settlements, Sarmatians women-warriors among Maeoteans, Tanais and Sarmatian elite, Sarmatian-Bosporan symbiosis, importance of the eastern trade, 1st-3rd cc. CE.

Illustrations:
Fig. 1. Maeotean settlements and the barrows of Sarmatian nomadic elite around Don Mouth in the 1st – mid. 3rd cc. CE (topographic base – the map of 1940 y.)
Fig. 2. The biggest Meaotean settlements of the Don right bank – Temernitskoe and Kobyakovo – the probable Navaris and Exopolis cities of Ptolemy (after S.A. Yatsenko; A.A. Miller).
Fig. 3. Tanais and the suburbian Sarmatian elite necropolises: 1 – scheme of the necropolises of Tanais: 2 – barrow 2, 1964 y.; 3 – Tsarskii Necropolis; 4 – Valovyi I Necropolis (1-2 – base after I.I. Tolochko; 3-4 – after S.A. Yatsenko).
Fig. 4. The biggest barrows of Kobyakovo Necropolis (based on German map of 1941 y.).
Fig. 5. Some grave of women-warriors in the necropolis of Tanais in the 2nd – 1st cc. BCE: 1 – the excavation trench of 1999-2000 yy.; 2 – excavations of 1992-1996 yy. (based on I.I. Tolochko).
Fig. 6. Women-warriors in the excavation trench of 1999-2000 yy. in Kobyakovo (based on V.A. Larenok).
Fig. 7. Tamga-signs of South Kazakhstan and South Ural origin in the women-warriors’ graves of Kobyakovo: 1 – the early citadel of Turkestan City (after E.A. Smagulov, S.A. Yatsenko); 2 – mirrors-pendants of Kobyakovo (after V.M. Kosyanenko); 3 – grave 28, 2002 y. (after V.A. Larenok); 4 – synchronous graves around grave 38 (after S.A. Yatsenko); 5 – pair grave 10, 1999 y., the probable female artifacts (based on V.A. Larenok).
Fig. 8. Distribution of the tamga-signs of nomadic aristocracy: the Central Asia – Lower Don Basin – Panticapaeum. I: 1 – the palace tile of Xiongnu (Verknie Dureny); 2 – statue in Bayte III sanctuary (Ustyurt Plateau); 3 – Kirovskii I, barrow 1, grave 2 (horse harness). II: 1 – Bayte III; 2 – cauldron from the barrow near Nizhne-Gnilovskoe hillfort; 3 – golden bracelet, Olbia; 4 – golden bracelet from “the Grave with Golden Mask”, Kertch, 1837 y. (after S.A. Yatsenko).
Fig. 9. Distribution of the tamga-signs of nomadic aristocracy: the Central Asia – Lower Don Basin – Panticapaeum. The crypt near Ajimushkai, 1841 y. I. Tamga-signs on the horse harness: 1 – stone slab from Tanais; 2 – the jaw of a boar, Tanais; 3 – horse harness from the crypt of 1841 y.; II. Tamga of the crypt owner of same artifacts and its eastern analogies: 1 – Bayte III; 2 – Kushan belt buckle, Dalverzintepa; 3 – Kobyakovo, barrow 10, horse harness; 4 – the gala spear in polychrome style; 5 – the silver detail of horse harness (after S.A. Yatsenko).
Fig. 10. The main trade roads from the Central Asia to Sarmatian territories of South Ural in the 1st – early 3rd cc.; “the Northern Road” of Hou Han Shu is grey, the way from Khorezm is black (after S.A. Yatsenko).
Fig. 11. The bust of probable Bosporan king Sauromates II. Acropolis Museum, Athens (photo S.A. Yatsenko).

About the Centers of Manufacture of Certain Series of Horse-Harness Roundels in "Gold-Torquoise Animal Style" of the 1st - 2nd Centuries AD

by Sergey Yatsenko and Mikhail Treister

Silk Road Art and Arhchaeology (Kamakura), Vol. 5, 1998

This study in 1997 was the World first attempt of complete study of one of the most important jew... more This study in 1997 was the World first attempt of complete study of one of the most important jewelry styles of Eurasian antiquity. The "gold-torquoise animal style" was popular among the nomads of Inner Mongolia, South Siberia, Xiongnu, Wusun and Kangju "nomadic emperies", Kushan Empire and Indo-Scythians, various peoples of Transoxiana, the Achamenian and Parhtian Iran, some peoples of Caucasus, Bosporus Kingdom, the nomadic Sarmatians and Early Alans. In this article we first time analyzed the origin and the local specificity of this style in various regions. In other, later publications of Russian colleagues Valentina I. Modvinteseva (2003) and Irina P. Zasetskaya (2011) only the Sarmatian material was analyzad in detalis. My colllective Project for 2009 y. on the complete (technological, geological, spectral analysis, micro-photo) study of this style wares in all museums of European Russia, unfortunately, was rejected by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) as "not actual"...

Yatsenko S.A., Malashev V.Yu. On the Polychromic Style of the Late Roman Time in Sarmatia (Strutum plus. 2000. No 4., pp. 226-250)

Stratum plus, No 4, 2000

The article studies a range of items typical of the Northern Black Sea Coast and belonging to the... more The article studies a range of items typical of the Northern Black Sea Coast and belonging to the polychromic style (also inaccurately called “cornelian”) (Pls. 2-4 + Catalogue). It was first time characterized by A.K. Ambroz as the “Late Sarmtian Pre-Hunnic” and dated since the 2nd half of the 3rd c. CE (Ambroz 1989). But it is still not analyzed.
This style is usually characterized by insertion of a large flat polished cornelian and genuine list of stamped geometric decoration elements on the external plate. The authors do not attempt finding the place of origin of these items in other regions (all are findings on the territory from Iran to the Balkan Peninsula cited in literature are very remote “prototypes” and analogies: Pl. 6, 2-4). The detected centers of their production were Panticapaeum (Kertch) and Chersoneses Taurica (Sevastopol), with local peculiarities in each of the two. The item of this style were produced, according to the dates proved by V.Yu. Malashev (Malashev 2000), by four chronological groups / periods. The chronological group 1 (period II b – 2nd half of the 3rd c. CE) produced mainly articles of female costumes for the Barbarians of the Western Crimea, while the group 2 (period III a – the late 3rd – first third of the 4th cc. CE), group 3 (period III b – the second third of the 4th c. CE – 372/375 CE – before the Hunns’ invasion) and group 4 (not early than mid. 4th – the early 5th cc. CE) mainly produced military equipment (harness, swords and daggers, belt buckles). Similar articles were worn by the local Barbarized and Barbarian population of the cities (especially in Panticapaeum), though the major part of these articles was meant to be gifted to the Barbarian nomadic elite of the Steppes, and exclusively for the Iranian-speaking groups: Alans and “Tauro-Scythians” (the neighbouring Germans and Caucasus mountaineers did not use them at all). The noble graves containing these articles and found in Panticapaeum also have Sarmato-Alanian features (the bridle has tamga-sign of Sarmatian-Alanian clans, bridle and swords were found in the graves of noble women etc.). The style reaches its peak in the group 3, when articles of various destinations were produced, they increased in number and their decoration became most various.
The spread of the articles at different stages (Pl. 1) partly reflects military and political rivalry of Panticapaeum and Chersoneses Tauricus. At first the Bosporus supplies were meant for the Alans of the Central Caucasus foot mountains (articles of the group 2). Later, the Bosporan Kingdom, after being defeated in three wars, sought allies among the nomads of the Lower Don area (group 3) (the earlier period there yielded items produced in Chersonesses Taurica). It was the time, probably, when these nomads became less dependent on the Alans of the Central Caucasus foot mountains. Some findings of the group 2 and 3 are documented in the mouth of Danube, on the lands of the “European Alans” dependent on the Goths. After the Hunns’ intrusion items manufactured in this style reached the north (up to the Volga River - Brody) and even Central Asia (Tugozvonovo in the Northern Altai Mountains) where they were used and probably processed.

ILLUSTRATIONS LIST:
Pl. 1. Finds of the items of the North Pontic polychromic style of the mid. 2nd – 4th cc. CE:
1 – Panticapaeum / Kertch; 2 – Chersoneses Taurica / Sevastopol; 3 – Chernaia Rechka, graves 3 and 35; 4 – Druzhnoe, graves 24 and unknown No.; 5 – Kishpek, barrow 13; 6 – Kuptsyn Tolga, barrow 30; 7 – Veselaya Roshcha III, barrow 8; 8 – Timashevskaya; 9 – Aerodrom I, barrow 2; 10 – Komarov II, barrow 8; 11 – Novyi, barrow 108; 12- Abaganerovo II, barrow 33; 13 - Marxstadt; 14 – Brody, barrow 25; 15 – Chaush, barrow 5; 16 – Gradeshka, barrow 9; 17 – Suvorovo, crypt 38/3.
Pl 2 (pp. 232-234). Decorative schemes of the warriors’ attributes.
Pl. 3. Decorative schemes of the costume accessories (numbers – after Catalogue) (p. 235).
Pl 4. The main ornamental elements: 1 – borders; 2 – forms of a stone inserts; 3 – décor of the main ornamental face; 4 – décor around a stone inserts; 5 – décor of the ends of the main ornamental face.
Pl. 5. Matrix for the horse harness detail and the probable prototypes of Crimean jewelry items: 1 – matrix (bronze), Chersonesses Taurica, district XXV (after I.O. Gavritukhin, Cat. No. 15); 2 – buckle from the grave II in Zakshuv, Poland (after Madyda-Legutko 1986); 3 – horse harness detail from Emessa, Syria (after Seyrig 1953); 4 – officer’s helmet from Belgrad (after Ambroz 1989).
Pl. 6. Items of the group 4: 1-7 – Tugozvonovo, grave of 1959 year (Altai Region, Russia); 8 – Tsentralnyi IV, barrow 14 (Rostov Region, Russia).

CATALOGUE:
I. WARRIOR EQUIPMENT:
I.a. HORSE HARNESS:
1. Lower Volga Basin (Saratov Region), Marxstadt, grave of the 1928, silver.
2. Lower Don Basin (Rostov Region), Aerodrom, barrow 2, bronze with gilded silver cover, cornelian, blue glass.
3. Lower Don Basin (Rostov Region), Komarov II, barrow 8, silver with golden cover, cornelian, almadine, blue glass.
4. The Central part of the Northern Caucasus (Kabarda-Balkaria Republic), Kishpek, barrow 13, bronze and silver with golden cover, cornelian, blue glass.
5. Dnestr and Prut Rivers interfluves (Odessa Region), Chaush, barrow 5, silver with gilded cover, cornelian, green glass.
6. Dnestr and Prut Rivers interfluves (Odessa Region), Gradeshka, barrow 9, bronze and gilded silver, cornelian (preliminary information: Dzigovkii, Subbotin 1990).
7. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, barrow of 1837 year near Glinishche, silver with golden cover, cornelian.
8. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, the second grave of 1841 year near Adjimushkai stone quarry, silver with golden cover, cornelian.
9. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, the second grave of 1841 year after V.V. Shkorpil, silver with golden cover, cornelian.
10. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, the collection A.L. Bertie-Delagarde, British Museum, silver, cornelian?.
11. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, the collection Ermolay Zaporozhsky, acquired in 1891, silver with golden cover, cornelian.
12. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, the barrow in Massaksudi residence, 1918. ???
13. “Caucasus” (British Museum), the burial imitation of the tip of the belt, gold; Chersoneses Taurica / Sevastopol, ???.
14. The random find (State Historical Museum, Moscow, No 95570), silver with golden cover, blue glass.
15. Chersoneses Taurica / Sevastopol, quarter XXV, the matrix for the tips of the belts production, bronze.
16. “The South of Russia” (Warsaw, National Museum), ???.
I, b. THE HITS OF SWORDS AND DAGGERS:
17. Ukraine, Odessa Region, Gradeshka, barrow 9, sword, gold, rock crystal, tourmaline, azurite.
18. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, the barrow in Massaksudi residence, 1918, sword, wood, with copper and golden cover, garnet.
19. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, the second grave of 1841 year near Adjimushkai stone quarry, dagger, gold, cornelian.
II. COSTUME ACCESSORIES:
II.1. (c) BUCKLES:
(1) WITH A RECTANGULAR FRAME:
20. Russia, Kalmyk Republic, Kuptsyn Tolga, barrow 30, silver with golden cover, cornelian.
21. Russian, Krasnodar Region, Timashevkaya stanitsa, 1884, bronze with golden cover, cornelian.
22. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, the barrow in Massaksudi residence, 1918, silver with copper golden cover, cornelian, garnet.
23. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, Köln, bronze, silver, cornelian.
24. “Caucasus” (British Museum), the burial imitation, gold.
25. Chersoneses Taurica / Sevastopol (State Historical Museum, Moscow, No 95570), silver with golden cover, cornelian.
26. Crimea, Chersoneses Taurica / Sevastopol, (State Historical Museum, Moscow, No 95570), silver with golden cover, the stones were lost.
27. “Crimea” (Chersoneses Taurica?), ???.
28. “North Black Sea Region”, two buckles of one type, bronze, silver, cornelian.
(2 ) WITH AN OVAL FRAME:
29. Russia, Kama Basin, Brody, barrow 25, grave 1, bronze with golden cover, “stones”.
30. Lower Don Basin, Novyi, barrow 108, silver, cornelian.
31. Lower Don Basin, Aboganerovo II, barrow 33, silver with golden cover, cornelian.
32. NW Caucasus, Veselaya Roshcha III, barrow 28, silver with golden cover, sardonyx.
II.2. (d) BRACELETS:
33. SW Crimea, Druzhnoe, grave 24, silver with golden cover, cornelian.
34. SW Crimea, Druzhnoe, grave ?, silver with golden cover, cornelian.
35. SW Crimea, Chernaya Rechka, grave 35, silver with golden cover, cornelian.
II.3. (e) DIADEMS:
36. European Bosporus (Eastern Crimea), Panticapaem/Kertch, the second grave of 1841 year after V.V. Shkorpil, gold, cornelian, cameos from chalcedony.
II.4. (f) EARRINGS AND PENDANTS AT THE TEMPLES:
37. SW Crimea, Druzhnoe, grave 2, 1984, earrings, bronze, cornelian.
38. SW Crimea, Chernaya Rechka, grave 3, earrings, silver with golden cover, cornelian.
39. SW Crimea, Chernaya Rechka, grave 35, earrings, silver with golden cover, cornelian; Unknown point (“Ukraine or South of Russia”).
40. Private collection, Kiev, pendants at the temples, gold, cornelian.
II.5. (g) “MEDALLIONS”:
41. SW Crimea, Chernaya Rechka, grave 3, silver, cornelian.
42. SW Crimea, Suvorovo, crypt 38, dead 3, silver with golden cover, colour (?) glass.

Some Notes on Sogdian Costume in Early Tang China, 2019 (Washington)

The Silk Road, Vol. 17, 2019

from Online journal (https://edspace.american.edu/silkroadjournal/volume-17-2019/ ): So far, the ... more from Online journal (https://edspace.american.edu/silkroadjournal/volume-17-2019/ ):
So far, the male costume of the Sogdians of the Early Tang period has been studied mainly on the material of “mingqi” / 冥器 burial figurines.14 specific elements, characteristic of the Chinese Sogdians were partly identified previously (Yatsenko 2017; 2018). It was possible to identify only a part of the images because of their stylization, frequent usage of everyday or work clothes without bright gala elements and borrowings of Chinese elements by foreigners.
The elements of the Sogdian costume in other types of images (stone carvings, wall paintings of tombs) in the Imperial capital are also analyzed. Some other details of the costume (pelerines) or another manner of wearing (a buttoned-up caftan collar) are more often accentuated in them than on terracotta. These differences in many cases are explained by the specificity of depictions subjects and the status of the depicted foreigners.
Borrowings of the Sogdian costume details (trousers decor, a caftan combined with shirts of specific parameters) by Han servants and guards are interesting. It was not a full-fledged trend of the Sogdian costume (as opposed to the Turkic one) for Chang'an Han population.

Мужчины сарматского происхождения в некрополях боcпорской элиты I-IV вв. н.э. / Men of Sarmatian Origin in the Bosporan Elite Necropolises of the 1st-4th cc. CE, 2019 (part of the text)

Stratum plus No 4, 2019

You can see only the beginning and the end of this paper. The whole text with colour illustrarion... more You can see only the beginning and the end of this paper.
The whole text with colour illustrarions, please, see on Journal site:
https://www.e-anthropology.com/Katalog/Arheologia/STM_DWL_1H60_w9USnGk7lBBX.aspx .
ABSTRACT:
The male warriors elite graves and tamga-signs with the series of Sarmatian cultures elements and especially tamga-signs in the Bosporan cities and fortresses of the 1st-4th cc. CE were examined. In the case of double burials the Barbarian elements observed in male ones but their wives / daughters look like ordinary Greek women. The analysis of tamgas and applications of clothing in famous graves of 1837 and 1841 yy. in Kertch and the origin of king Inenthimeus (234-239) sign are especially important. In some cases, they preserved the traditions of the earlier Middle Sarmatian Culture, extinct for 150-250 years before the studied burials. Some Sarmatian clans in times of crisises (the early 1st, mid. 2nd and 3rd cc. CE) found refuge behind the walls of Bosporan cities. The origin of some of Sarmatian families, that lived in the Bosporus, connected with the Central Asian states – Xiongnu, Khwarezm and Kushan Empire.
KEY WORDS:
Bosporus Kingdom, 1st-4th cc. CE, Sarmatian men-warriors in cities, tamga-signs, slow assimilation

Prestigious Imports in Sarmatian amd Maeotean Necropolises of the 1st-2nd cc. CE in the Lower Don Basin / Престижные импорты в сарматских и меотских некрополях I-II вв. н.э. в низовьях Дона, 2019

Vestnik Tanaisa (Tanais Herald), No 5, Vol. 2, Rostov-on-Don , 2019

The distribution of prestigious imports studied for 6 ntcropolises: four were barrow Sarmatian (N... more The distribution of prestigious imports studied for 6 ntcropolises: four were barrow Sarmatian (Novyi - fig. 1; Tsarskii - fig. 2; Vysochino - fig. 3; Peregruznoe I - fig. 4) and two grounf Maeotean (Kobyakovo: fig. 5 - excav. trencg of 1999-2000 yy, fig. 6 - excav. trench of 1961 y.; Krepostnoe - fig. 7). The most interesting information we have for big ground necropolises. There were some specific local situations and traditions, which clarify the burial rutials of the Middle Sarmatian and Lower Don Maeotean Cultures in general.