British History

Focusing my study on one manumission case from early 1931 documented within the records of the British India Office, I argue that the conflict described within where the Sheikh of Sharjah sought to challenge British authority to manumit slaves in his town demonstrates issues of sovereignty and authority between the sheikh of Sharjah and the British Political Agent in Bushire stemming from the legal imperialism of Britain embedded within the treaties signed between the two political actors. In the anti-slavery clauses of these treaties, Britain held the right to manumit slaves hailing from the Trucial States. However, in the case under review, the enactment of this right led to push back from the sheikh and a slave owner in the form of armed protest outside the British Resident Agent’s home in Sharjah. This, in turn, led to British demandfor restitution in the form of fines, threatening to destroy a nearby tower if left unpaid. This case also demonstrates the role of the Resident Agent as an inter-state intermediary whose position can be described as trans-jurisdictional as he often worked in favor of the local slave owners within the Trucial states as much as he worked for and was considered an advisor by British officialdom in the Persian Gulf. I further argue that British intervention in the Arabian Sea constituted legal imperialism despite the lack of outright colonization of the Trucial sheikhdoms because the basis of Britain’s claims rested upon the enactment of several treaties and the implicit recognition of the claims by the growingly influential international community.Focusing my study on one manumission case from early 1931 documented within therecords of the British India Office, I argue that the conflict described within where the Sheikh ofSharjah sought to challenge British authority to manumit slaves in his town demonstrates issuesof sovereignty and authority between the sheikh of Sharjah and the British Political Agent inBushire stemming from the legal imperialism of Britain embedded within the treaties signedbetween the two political actors. In the anti-slavery clauses of these treaties, Britain held theright to manumit slaves hailing from the Trucial states. However, in the case under review, theenactment of this right led to push back from the sheikh and a slave owner in the form of armedprotest outside the British Resident Agent’s home in Sharjah. This, in turn, led to British demandfor restitution in the form of fines, threatening to destroy a nearby tower if left unpaid. In myopinion, this case also demonstrates the role of the Resident Agent as an inter-state intermediarywhose position can be described as trans-jurisdictional as he often worked in favor of the localslave owners within the Trucial states as much as he worked for and was considered an advisorby British officialdom in the Persian Gulf. I further argue that British intervention in the ArabianSea constituted legal imperialism despite the lack of outright colonization of the Trucial sheikhdoms because the basis of Britain’s claims rested upon the enactment of several treatiesand the implicit recognition of the claims by the growingly influential international community.

Interracial sex mattered to the British colonial state in West Africa. In Crossing the Color Line, Carina E. Ray goes beyond this fact to reveal how Gold Coasters—their social practices, interests, and anxieties—shaped and defined these powerfully charged relations across racial lines. The interplay between African and European perspectives and practices, argues Ray, transformed these relationships into key sites for consolidating colonial rule and for contesting its racial and gendered hierarchies of power.

With rigorous methodology and innovative analyses, Ray brings Ghana and Britain into a single analytic frame by examining cases in both locales. Intimate relations between black men and white women in Britain’s port cities emerge as an influential part of the history of interracial sex and empire in ways that are connected to rather than eclipsed by relations between European men and African women in the colony.

Based on rich archival evidence and original interviews, the book moves across different registers, shifting from the micropolitics of individual disciplinary cases against colonial officers who “kept” local women to transatlantic networks of family, empire, and anticolonial resistance. In this way, Ray cuts to the heart of how interracial sex became a source of colonial anxiety and nationalist agitation during the first half of the twentieth century.

The Gouzenko Affair is referred to as the event that started the Cold War. This article draws on recently declassified documents that shed new light on Britain’s role in this affair, particularly that of the Foreign Office and the British High Commissioner to Canada. The documents reveal how the British had a major part in directing the response to Igor Gouzenko’s defection in 1945. This event revealed the need for increased counterespionage security, but it also became a spectacle that directed the public’s attention away from the British connection: specifically, the role of Alan Nunn May, a British nuclear scientist who had provided the Soviets with classified information. Instead, the public’s interest was centred on Soviet spies, communism as a subversive force, and the brewing Soviet-US conflict. These newly declassified sources demonstrate how it was the British intelligence services and the British government that went to great lengths to help focus the public’s attention in this direction. They took great pains to direct Canadian policy making, which included working to discourage Canada’s prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King from handling the affair privately with the Soviet ambassador, and were likely behind the infamous press leak to US reporter Drew Pearson that forced King to call a Royal Commission and publicize the affair. With the help of the British government and intelligence services, the Cold War began.

The publication of the 'First Report of the National Advisory Council on Art Education' (1960), otherwise known as the first ‘Coldstream Report’, is a graspable moment of displacement in the British art world. It represents a shift between an educational system based on disciplined studies of techniques and crafts to one based on conceptual thinking and design. Its legacy is marked by trauma and confusion that deepened as the decade matured, spilling over into creative outbursts and political revolt. It has become a symbol of oppressive, narrowly defined rigour and prejudiced artistic values. As such, both the report and the painter and educator who leant it his name, William Coldstream, have been blamed and demonised. This paper approaches the report as an image, for it is not only invested with symbolic, representational meaning, but it also is among those victims of iconoclasm – works of art, signs, inscriptions or pictures – that act in the words of theorist Bruno Latour “as a mediation to access something else”. The Report is a window to a set of values for education, but also for the perception of the artist’s relationship to society. Half a century later, it is important to carefully weigh the document itself against the politics and motivations of the diverse committee members who authored it. Using ministerial archival records opened in the late 1990s, this paper reflects on how such a document presents a methodological conundrum in tracing intention and effect, as well as the dangers of conflating it with any one participant.

NAIEVE AND QUIXOTIC GOVERNOR GENERAL HARDINGE HAD SEEN NO MILITARY ACTION SINCE 30 YEARS AND WAS A TOTAL NOVICE AS FAR AS INDIAN WARFARE WAS CONCERNED- HIS DECISION TO WAIT FOR LITTLER’S DIVISION WAS A MASSIVE BLUNDER –BECAUSE LITTLER’S DIVISION AFTER A FEW MINUTES OF DRUBBING BY SIKH ARTILLERY FLED TO MISRIWALA AND PLAYED ABSOLUTELY NO ROLE IN THE FIRST DAYS BATTLE
June 2022
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25276.92805
Project: incompetence
Agha H Amin


NAIEVE AND QUIXOTIC GOVERNOR GENERAL HARDINGE HAD SEEN NO MILITARY ACTION SINCE 30 YEARS AND WAS A TOTAL NOVICE AS FAR AS INDIAN WARFARE WAS CONCERNED- HIS DECISION TO WAIT FOR LITTLER’S DIVISION WAS A MASSIVE BLUNDER –BECAUSE LITTLER’S DIVISION AFTER A FEW MINUTES OF DRUBBING BY SIKH ARTILLERY FLED TO MISRIWALA AND PLAYED ABSOLUTELY NO ROLE IN THE FIRST DAYS BATTLE
• June 2022
• DOI:
• 10.13140/RG.2.2.25276.92805
• Project:
• incompetence
• Agha H Amin




The initial plan of Gough was to attack the Sikh entrenchment at FerozShah from the east without waiting for Littler who was ordered to march from Ferozpur and join Gough.
Instead of honestly assessing this plan J.W Fortescue made fun of it and subjected it to ridicule , finally being totally non committal about the plan , having chances of success or failure.
Eminent British military historian Rait brilliantly summarised Hardinge as “a brave man ; but he had seen no fighting from the Waterloo campaign to the date of battle of Moodke .He had been secretary of state for war but he had never known the responsibility of high command in the sight of an enemy .   

Another direct participant described Hardinge’s pathetic naievette as “The Indian army knows right well that it was Lord Gough’s earnest wish to fight the battle at 11 o clock in the morning, but he was overruled by the governor general (not the  second in command ) who insisted upon waiting for Littler. His assistance was purchased at the frightful expenditure of 4 hours of daylight and a vast expenditure of strength , energy etc on part of our men .” 
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Major Agha.H.Amin was commissioned in the old PAVO Cavalry in March 1983.
He was educated at Saint Marys Academy Lalazar and Forman Christian College Lahore.
He served in various command, staff, research, logistics and instructional positions in his military career, including mechanical transport officer of an armoured brigade headquarter, mechanical transport officer of an armouredregiment , general staff officer research trial and publications at School of Armour , Instructor Class C at Tactical Wing School of Armour and finally independent command directly under a major general as Officer Commanding 5 Independent Armoured Squadron.
In his civilian career performed projects like Uzbekistan Kabul Transmission lines concrete foundations, CASA 1000 Line survey as sub contractor of SNC Lavalin Canada and Turkmenistan Mazar transmission line as sub contractor of FichtnerGmbh Germany.
Also served as Assistant Editor Defence Journal Karachi , Executive Editor Globe Karachi , Editor Journal of Afghanistan Studies financed by Danish foreign ministry , Editor Intelligence Review , Editor Pakistan Military Review , Editor Journal of Book Reviews, Editor Indian Military Review etc.
Authored over 120 books and journals. Articles published in Pakistan Army Journal and Citadel Journal of Command and Staff College Quetta.
Established unprecedented and todate unbroken record of an independent tank squadron defeating 7 tank regiments in a corps level firing competition.
Recommended creation of army commands in Pakistan Army command and staff college Citadel Journal issue 2/98 in 1998 which was adopted by the Pakistan Army in 2005-7.

Has advised various states and international companies on security matters as sub contractor of Spanish , USA and Hongkong based companies.
Contact e mail :--- mazen@csio-ops.com and pavocavalry@gmail.com
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This is the catalogue to an exhibition of the same name, which took place at the Worshipful Company of Mercers and Leeds University Art Gallery. It presents fifty outstanding artworks by fifty British Women artists working between 1900 - 1950. There is an introductory essay by curator, Sacha Llewellyn, and fifty commentaries about each picture by fifty different writers. The exhibition marks the centenary of the Representation of the People's Act, and aims to readdress the dominant 'master' narrative of British art history.

Tourists are told that ravens at the Tower of London first had their wings clipped in the reign of Charles II, who heard an ancient prophesy that Britain would fall if they left. In fact, the tower ravens are entirely a Victorian institution. This paper examines their legend as an ...

ABSTRACT: Portrayals of noblewomen and the courtly love ideal are familiar themes in medieval songs and romances. This essay challenges the legitimacy of these themes, tracing an archeology of courtly love as a scholarly and cultural construct: a medievalism in and of itself, with origins in the nineteenth century. Using the Arthurian tradition as a case study, the essay explores reinterpretations of medieval portrayals of love in postmedieval cultures from Restoration Britain to the Swinging Sixties. As women increasingly occupied public and private spaces that were once exclusively men’s domain, male musicians in these settings employed the character of Guinevere and the idea of courtly love to address contemporary cultural anxieties about gender.

Archives and the documents within them are at the heart of the practice of history and the occupational culture of historians.  A majority of historical work has been characterized and defined by research in archives of varying kinds. Yet the material within archives is both partial and political and using it is never straightforward.  For historians of sport, the material available in archives can be especially limited but, with some careful reading between the lines, there is still much to learn from and interpret within traditional archives.

This articles explores the different kinds of archives and archival material that historians of sport have used and the uses they have been and can be put to.  Archives, however, are not static entities and the paper also discusses the impact and implication of digitization processes and programmes to popularize and legitimize traditional archives. Although sport has been seen as one of way of diversifying the content and audience of archives, the article argues that the practical and interpretative challenges historians of sport face in archives are no different to those faced by other historians.

In 1980, three Republican women prisoners held in Armagh prison in Northern Ireland joined the hunger strike being conducted by male Republican prisoners in Maze Prison. Overshadowed by the fatal 1981 strike, the 1980 strike involved these women in Armagh, who challenged the traditional nationalist notion of the strong male warrior, while generating sympathy and solidarity across the globe, including with the far left and the women’s liberation movement in Britain. This article will look at how the left and the women’s liberation movement in both Britain and Ireland looked to portray these women within their competing narratives.

Margaret Thatcher was one of the most controversial figures of modern times. Her governments inspired hatred and veneration in equal measure and her legacy remains fiercely contested. Yet assessments of the Thatcher era are often divorced from any larger historical perspective. This book draws together leading historians to locate Thatcher and Thatcherism within the political, social, cultural and economic history of modern Britain. It explores the social and economic crises of the 1970s; Britain's relationships with Europe, the Commonwealth and the United States; and the different experiences of Thatcherism in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The book assesses the impact of the Thatcher era on class and gender and situates Thatcherism within the Cold War, the end of Empire and the rise of an Anglo-American 'New Right'. Drawing on the latest available sources, it opens a wide-ranging debate about the Thatcher era and its place in modern British history.

How a private English Company conquered India and Chastised Afghanistan and Nepal. The Role of the Bengal Army in the British Conquest of India The British employed the Bengal Army in various campaigns starting from the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The major campaigns were as follows 20a:- a) Plassey 1757. b) Campaign against the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam from 1758-1761. c) Campaign against Mir Qasim from 1763-1764. d) Campaign against Nawab of Oudh 1764-1765. e) The First Mahratta War 1778-1782. f) The Rohilla War 1774. g) The Second Mysore War 1782, Third & Fourth Mysore Wars. h) The Second Mahratta War 1803-1805. i) The Anglo Nepalese War 1814-1816. j) The First Burma War 1824-1826 k) The First Afghan War 1839-1842. l) The Conquest of Sindh 1843. m) The First Sikh War 1845-1846. n) The Second Sikh War 1848–1849 o) The Second Burma War 1852 p) Various expeditions against the Trans Indus Frontier Tribes 1849-57. In addition the Bengal Army also went on following overseas expeditions21:- a) Expedition to Malaca (Malaysia) 1791 b) First Egyptian Expedition 1801 c) Expedition to Macao 1808 d) Capture of Mauritins 1810 e) Expedition to Java 1811-13 Thus the Bengal Army bore the brunt of the British wars in India from 1757 to 1857 and proved their mettle against a wide variety of races ranging from the Afghan, Sikh, Gurkha, Mahratta to the Sindhi Baluchi and Frontier tribesmen. The rationale behind listing all these campaigns is to illustrate that the post-1857 British theory that the Bengal Sepoy of the pre-1857 army were no good has no basis. The Oudh sepoy fought well without a cause whether it was Kabul or Nepal or Punjab or in the Kohat hills. Statistically more Bengal Sepoys were in British service till 1857 than Bombay or Madras Sepoys, yet after 1857 it became fashionable to brand them as poor soldiers and non-martial. Philip Mason described this state of the mind in the following words:- 'From now on, it was even more common for officers to divide the people of India sharply into two classes, good and bad, and in the good classes fell the people of the north who had come to their help during the mutiny. What had first been a tendency hardened into a doctrine. These were the martial classes, and only they would make a soldier 22.' The illogical myths in Pakistan that Hindus are less martial or east of Jamna races are less martial are similarly baseless. But for this we do not have to go as far as 1849 since we have the example of the 1965 war!

SHORNCLIFFE LECTURES BOOK 5
Book 5 of the Shorncliffe Lectures series explores the development of the Baker Rifle and the Experimental Corps of Riflemen of Colonel Coote-Manningham that became the 95th Rifles. This was the first permanent light infantry and completely rifle armed regiment in the British Army. There are 20 Maps, 27 Orders of Battle (OOBs), 93 Tables and over 110 illustrations including 56 of rifles, sword bayonets and bayonets. The themes of the book are:-
  1. The origins (Chapter 1) and formation (Chapter 8) of the 95th Rifles as the Experimental Corps of Riflemen under Colonel Coote Manningham.
  2. The development of the Baker Rifle and its use (Chapters 2-6),
  3. The barracks (Chapter 7), the training in Essex, Kent and Sussex (Chapter 8, 10, 14-15), their drilling of the  Volunteer Riflemen (Chapter 16) and the formation of the 2/95th in Canterbury on 1805 (Chapter 17).
  4. The early campaigns over the first seven years of their existence (Chapters 9, 11-12 and 18-20), and their campaign medals (Chapter 21).
  5. Selected articles from the Regulations for the Rifle Corps (Chapter 22) and the Shorncliffe Lectures of 1803 are printed in full (Chapter 23).

This thesis will examine how British male cross-dressing performance remained commercially and critically popular from 1918-1970, despite increased cultural anxieties about the links between gender variance and transgressive acts, behaviours, and categories of identity. Through an analysis of popular male cross-dressing in this period, I will explain how artists and their performances navigated the theatrical and cultural terrain to establish and cultivate mainstream success. Far from being an ‘outsider art’, male cross-dressing endured as an essential part of the fabric of British entertainment from the interwar period through the so-called ‘permissive society’ of the 1950s and 1960s. Even as the variety theatre declined and new forms of entertainment such as radio, film, and television emerged, male cross-dressers were pioneers of the entertainment industry, readily adapting to the changing nature of leisure. Equally, male cross-dressing performance was at the centre of many key public discussions in this period, including those regarding the changing nature of normative masculinities, sexual morality, the decriminalisation of certain homosexual acts, the proliferation of live erotic entertainment, and the breakdown of the official theatre censorship system. However, the centrality of male cross-dressing in relation to these key public debates has been scantly acknowledged by historians of interwar and postwar Britain, in spite of the enduring popularity of the art form in the 1910s through the 1960s. The first three chapters of this thesis investigate the significant manifestations of male cross-dressing performance from 1918-1970: touring revues featuring cross-dressing ex-servicemen in the interwar and post-Second World War periods, the pantomime dame in the interwar years through the 1950s, and the emergence of the drag queen in the 1950s and 1960s. The final chapter highlights areas in which male cross-dressing performance was deemed controversial through an investigation of the Lord Chamberlain’s censorship system. This thesis will argue that contemporary views of male cross-dressing were complex. I will seek to unpack the various regimes of knowledge as they related to the meanings, or absence of meaning, perceivably associated with male cross-dressing. In doing so, my study will reveal that the practice held different and often contradictory meanings for performers and audiences alike. For instance, some newspaper reviews of theatrical productions featuring cross-dressing troupe Les Rouges et Noirs, which this thesis will explore in great detail, made vague allusions to the authors finding gender variance both troubling and alluring. Statements to this effect ranged from the cautiously complimentary: ‘How they have managed to eliminate all trace of that subtle unpleasantness so often associated with this type of thing I know not,’ to the unabashedly positive: ‘Reg Stone [of Les Rouges] in particular… achieves a wonderful sexual transition, complete in all its details down to the white powdered arms and polished manicured fingernails, the dainty gestures and positively pretty little affectations of femininity.’ Male cross-dressing performed before an audience could at once be a source of pleasure and anxiety in a time when British mass entertainment reached a greater and more diverse range of spectators than ever before. It is my hope that this thesis will reorientate interest in interwar and postwar male cross-dressing performance and will inspire a more critical historical approach to the study of gender variance in the twentieth century.

Üç semavi dinin kutsal mekânı, Müslümanların ilk kıblesi Kudüs hakkında ne biliyoruz?
Uğrunda mücadeleler verilen ve asırlarca farklı hâkimiyetler altında kalan Kudüs tarih boyunca hep “Halilullah” şehri olarak saygı görmüştür. Mukaddes belde Kudüs, İslam Tarihi boyunca ama özellikle Osmanlı asırlarında bütün dinlerin bir arada yaşayabildiği bir barış adası olmuştur.
Bugün Filistin meselesi sürekli dünya gündeminde yüz yıldır çözüme kavuşturulamıyor. Bu kavganın sebebi bütün dinler nazarında mukaddes sayılan Kudüs’ün ve Mescid-i Aksâ’nın bu topraklar üzerinde yer almasıdır.
Elinizdeki kitap, dünyanın göz bebeği olan Kudüs’ün tarihine ve önemine ışık tutmak amacıyla kaleme alındı. Kudüs’ün tarih sahnesine çıktığı zamanlardan günümüze kadar olan serüveni ve semavi dinler için taşıdığı önemi bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla 100 soruda (başlıkta) anlatıldı. Tarihi süreklilik gözetilerek seçilen sorular cevaplanırken olay örgülerinin arka planı ve sonrasında ortaya çıkan durumlar akıcı bir dille aktarıldı. Eserde verilen soruların cevapları titiz bir çalışmanın ürünü olarak ortaya konuldu. Kitap, güvenilir kaynaklara ve arşiv belgelerine ve onlara dayalı yapılan akademik çalışmalara müracaat edilerek yazıldı.
Elinizdeki kitap, Kudüs okumaları yapacaklar için ilk başvuru kitabı; Kudüs'e seyahat edecekler için de bir tarihi rehber olarak hazırlandı.

This short article considers the life and political activities of Mrs. Flora Drummond, a former Suffragette who, in 1920, founded the Women's Guild of Empire and took a rightwing direction in the 1920s, to the point where she was prepared to cooperate with early forms of British fascism.

THE MODERN CONCEPT of visual appropriation implies a 'talcing' to oneself of a view or an object in a view. One thinks of the viewpoint and the visual construction as one's own, but the land and objects making up this view are one's property only by analogy. Yet, the etymolog­ical origin of 'appropriation' is found in the discourse on property. Separating the legal sense of the acquisition of land from the aesthetic sense of viewing it is fundamental to the concept of the picturesque and the devel­opment of landscape design. In the early nineteenth century, Humphry Repton described his landscaping technique as one of appropriation. In doing so he struggled to maintain an aesthetic signification for the word. This is because both the demand for landscape parks and the means of cre­ating them were based on new forms of title to land that granted the owner exclusivity of access.

Un 24 de enero del 76 d.C. nace el emperador romano Adriano quien ordenó la construcción del muro que separaba britanos de los pueblos del norte. El segundo (sucediendo a Trajano) de los emperadores romanos de origen hispánico, proveniente del sur de la península ibérica (Itálica Baética), hoy Sevilla, ordenó la construcción de esta gran obra de ingeniería, que todavía mantiene sus bases, cerca al actual límite territorial entre Inglaterra y Escocia a fin de proteger sus dominios en el extremo norte de Europa y evitar la invasión de Pictos y Caledonios.
Después de su abandono a fines del siglo IV, los habitantes de la región caledonia reutilizaron muchas de las piedras y adoquines de la muralla para construir granjas, iglesias y otros edificios en la temprana Edad Media. La Unesco declaró los restos de la muralla como Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad en 1987.

Book review. Overall, this book makes significant contributions to the project of understanding the history of the socio-political movements to improve women’s condition in Europe as well as making a persuasive argument for the centrality of this history in the portrait of the Continent in the nineteenth century

This chapter examines how the First World War is still talked about in Britain within political, media and public discourse. In advance of the centenary of its outbreak, the First World War has been a regular feature of discussion within Parliamentary debates, newspaper columns and a variety of political, social and local interest groups. These particular arenas frequently utilise a set of common responses to engage with, describe and remember the war. Terms such as ‘sacrifice’, ‘stoicism’, ‘futility’ or ‘slaughter’ are evoked in these circumstances to frame the conflict for contemporary society. However, alongside these traditional narratives of the war, alternative concepts of ‘celebration’, ‘community’ and ‘legacy’ have been used across a variety of media to structure the war’s remembrance to mark the centenary. Through an analysis of the political debate during the approach to the anniversary in 2014, a specific ‘war discourse’ will be identified. Using the methodology of critical discourse analysis, this way of talking about the war will be assessed as a form of social practice, reflecting issues of identity, power and politics within contemporary Britain. With the passing of the last veterans of the conflict the war has now moved beyond individual remembrance, however, despite this, the commemoration of the war is maintained and structured through language. This chapter demonstrates that far from receding into history, the way the war is talked about maintains its presence and its effect for British society. In this manner, through the study of the ‘war discourse’, language mobilises the past for the present.

The use of material culture methodologies within the historical discipline has prompted scholars to redefine how and what we might consider primary source material. Subsequently, objects and their ‘process of making’ have come to play a more significant role in recent studies of social and cultural history. A growing body of scholarship has developed in order to investigate how objects have the potential to communicate within social groups, so becoming ‘objects of discourse’.
Within the study of political history, however, this approach is still very much in its infancy. This is particularly true in regards to the analysis of women’s dress and broader textile culture. Whilst the potential importance of the ‘politics of appearances’ and ‘dressing the body politic’ have been acknowledged, a methodology for assessing the impact of politically provocative textile culture within eighteenth century society remains significantly under-explored.

This paper outlines the research context and methodology of my thesis,
followed by an in-depth discussion of a number of politically invested textile objects created by women throughout the long eighteenth century. The main body of this discussion shall explore the visual and material language used in the design and execution of these objects, and the impact such a language might have had upon popular political discourses of the period. The production and display of such objects will also be discussed, with particular emphasis upon the private-to-public dimension of women’s textile craft. Political subjects under consideration include military and naval engagements, expressions of British patriotism, electoral and philanthropic campaigns, and national commemorations.
---
Presented at the Difficult Women Conference: 1680-1830 (University of York: November 27-28, 2015). Winner of the Best Postgraduate Paper Prize, sponsored by the British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies.

Scottish nationalism is a powerful movement in contemporary politics, yet the goal of Scottish independence emerged surprisingly recently into public debate. The origins of Scottish nationalism lie not in the medieval battles for Scottish statehood, the Acts of Union, the Scottish Enlightenment, or any other traditional historical milestone. Instead, an influential separatist Scottish nationalism began to take shape only in the 1970s and achieved its present ideological maturity in the course of the 1980s and 1990s. The nationalism that emerged from this testing period of Scottish history was unusual in that it demanded independence not to defend a threatened ancestral culture but as the most effective way to promote the agenda of the left. This accessible and engaging account of the political thought of Scottish nationalism explores how the arguments for Scottish independence were crafted over some fifty years by intellectuals, politicians and activists, and why these ideas had such a seismic impact on Scottish and British politics in the 2014 independence referendum.

The largely fictitious History written in twelfth-century England by Gregory of Monmouth is shown to reveal more about contemporary British mentality, culture and political ambition than the earlier period of history that the work attempts to report.

ISABELLAS  SON ENSIGN WILLIAM HENRY NAPIER –BORN IN PARIS , RAISED IN MADRAS,FOUGHT AT GHAZIABAD AND DIED AT MEERUT

read on linbk below as Academias document conversion is HIGHLY INEFFICIENT AND UNRELIABLE:----

https://csio-ops.com/blogs/news/isabellas-son-ensign-william-henry-napier-born-in-paris-raised-in-madras-fought-at-ghaziabad-and-died-at-meerut


DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24473.85607
EXCERPTS FROM OUR BOOK



YOUNG HERO OF GHAZIUDDIN NAGAR BATTLE IGNORED WHILE HIS MOTHER – SUBJECT OF A SCANDALOUS AFFAIR STILL FAMOUS IN INDIA

IN this second engagement took  an officer from HM 1/60 Carabineers Ensign William Henry Napier was severely wounded (later died of wounds) and his leg was amputated later.
He was son of a major general of the British company , Johnstone Napier of the Madras Army.
https://www.amazon.com/Indian-Military-Review-officers-there/dp/B08BVWTHBJ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=MEERUT+TO+BADLI%2C+AGHA+H+AMIN&qid=1601307928&s=books&sr=1-1
Indian Military Review -1857 The officers who were there- Meerut to Battle of Badli Ki Serai -May 2020 Paperback – June 29, 2020

The book is now public access.
Built in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, India’s Mughal monuments—including majestic forts, mosques, palaces, and tombs, such as the Taj Mahal—are world renowned for their grandeur and association with the Mughals, the powerful Islamic empire that once ruled most of the subcontinent. In Monumental Matters, Santhi Kavuri-Bauer focuses on the prominent role of Mughal architecture in the construction and contestation of the Indian national landscape. She examines the representation and eventual preservation of the monuments, from their disrepair in the colonial past to their present status as protected heritage sites.

Drawing on theories of power, subjectivity, and space, Kavuri-Bauer’s interdisciplinary analysis encompasses Urdu poetry, British landscape painting, imperial archaeological surveys, Indian Muslim identity, and British tourism, as well as postcolonial nation building, World Heritage designations, and conservation mandates. Since Independence, the state has attempted to construct a narrative of Mughal monuments as symbols of a unified, secular nation. Yet modern-day sectarian violence at these sites continues to suggest that India’s Mughal monuments remain the transformative spaces—of social ordering, identity formation, and national reinvention—that they have been for centuries.

This study considers sixteenth century evangelicals’ vision of a 'godly' commonwealth within the broader context of political, religious, social, and intellectual changes in Tudor England. Using the clergyman and bestselling author, Thomas Becon (1512–1567), as a case study, Brian L. Hanson argues that evangelical views of the commonwealth were situation-dependent rather than uniform, fluctuating from individual to individual. His study examines the ways commonwealth rhetoric was used by evangelicals and how that rhetoric developed and changed. While this study draws from English Reformation historiography by acknowledging the chronology of reform, it engages with interdisciplinary texts on poverty, gender, and the economy in order to demonstrate the intersection of commonwealth rhetoric with Renaissance humanism. Furthermore, the experience of exile and the languages of prophecy and companionship directly influenced commonwealth rhetoric and dictated the priorities, vocabulary, and political expression of the evangelicals. As sixteenth-century England vacillated in its religious direction and priorities, the evangelicals were faced with a political conundrum and the tension between obedience and 'lawful' disobedience. There was ultimately a fundamental disagreement on the nature and criteria of obedience. Hanson’s study makes a further contribution to the emerging conversation about English commonwealth politics by examining the important issues of obedience and disobedience within the evangelical community. A correct assessment of the issues surrounding the relationship between evangelicals and the commonwealth government will lead to a rediscovery of both the complexities of evangelical commonwealth rhetoric and the tension between the biblical command to submit to civil authorities and the injunction to 'obey God rather than man'.