Settlement Patterns

During repeated archaeological investigations of the Krogsgård area near the city Esbjerg in the period
2002-2010 a farm complex, consisting of at least three simultaneous farm units from the Roman Iron Age
and a cemetery from the same time were excavated. During the investigations we used a rare opportunity
to uncover a larger area than usual, which in turn gave us the settlement, the cemetery and the “empty”
spots in-between, thus giving us an example on how the people in the early Iron Age used the landscape.

Synekdemos, a geographical text of Hierokles presents the administrative structure of the Eastern Roman Empire in the early 6th century AD. Six dioeceses (large administrative units), 64 eparchiai (provinces) and 920 poleis (cities) are registered in catalogues, in such a way that the political geography of the period becomes apparent. The critical edition by Honigmann (1939) displays maps without a geophysical background. This fact makes the study of the historical settlements network more difficult. In order to facilitate this study, maps of the 64 provinces have been created to describe and offer a clear overall view of the regional context. These maps follow historical topography as this appeared in Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (2000). In addition, they support a database which classifies the settlements according to historical and geographical criteria. The first set of criteria is related to parameters and variables, such as the date of foundation, constant presence in five historical periods, ancient and modern toponyms. The second set is related to the location of the settlements, and uses parameters and variables, such as geomorphology, water elements, communication networks and presence of a nodal point or port. The province of Palaia Epeiros has been chosen as an example of the advantages that such a database has to offer. The combination of maps with a database improves the historical-geographical study of the settlements network, and accentuates the importance of Synecdemos as a basic geographical text of the period, α quality that has escaped the attention of the “official” History of Cartography (1987).""

SUMMARY: Chapter 5, in Renfrew & Bahn's textbook (Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice), covers past social organizations, including hunter-gatherer groups (bands), segmentary societies (tribal societies), chiefdoms, and early state complex societies, with approaches to assessing settlement patterns, interpreting pertinent historical data, ethnoarchaeology, various ways to examine the various types of past social organizations and their variants, and looking at individuals, identity and society, gender and childhood, and other aspects.  Two additional case studies highlighting social organization in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Rome.  In my view, this is one of the best college textbooks available, and is invaluable for students, archaeologists, and the public in general, to obtain a top notch overview of approaching and interpreting the archaeological record.  REVISED: Feb. 2021, with revised formatting and edits.

We employ social network analysis of collar decoration on Iroquoian vessels to conduct a multiscalar analysis of signaling practices among ancestral Huron-Wendat communities on the north shore of Lake Ontario. Our analysis focuses on the microscale of the West Duffins Creek community relocation sequence as well as the mesoscale, incorporating several populations to the west. The data demonstrate that network ties were stronger among populations in adjacent drainages as opposed to within drainage-specific sequences, providing evidence for west-to-east population movement, especially as conflict between Wendat and Haudenosaunee populations escalated in the sixteenth century. These results suggest that although coalescence may have initially involved the incorporation of peoples from microscale (local) networks, populations originating among wider mesoscale (subregional) networks contributed to later coalescent communities. These findings challenge previous models of village relocation and settlement aggregation that oversimplified these processes.

During the past few years, systematic field survey has revealed an important regional variation within Roman Italy. The settlement pattern that emerges in the Marche-region along the Central- Adriatic coast has many points of similarity with other regions of Italy, yet the precise details are unique. For example, the region was clearly wealthier than Molise, where there was a striking decline in the number of sites inhabited between the late Republic and the second century AD. On the other hand, comparisons with Latium or South Etruria may be inappropriate, given the superior markets available to those areas. Rural settlement in the Marche reaches a peak in the first century BC, when land allotments were made to army veterans, and in the first century AD. From the second century on, there is a gradual reduction in the number of sites in occupation, and absorption of smallholdings by the larger estates, although the small farms continued to surpass the number of large villas in late Roman times. Some late Roman villas were excavated in the northern area near Emilia-Romagna, influenced by the city of Ravenna, capital of the Western Roman Empire since the early fifth century.

On the occasion of Kynouria and in order to achieve the protection and projection of antiquities, a web-based model is proposed for highlighting individual monuments and archaeological sites, having in mind the historical and archaeological evidence of the region, the topography, the demographic profile and the tourist infrastructure, and combining them with the development programs for cultural routes. Therefore, creating suitable databases and mapping the monuments in the area are key prerequisites of the process, as they contribute to an objective assessment of the current situation and then to make rational decisions. In this frame, modern technology provides some important planning tools (GIS, GPS, and OMS) which allow recording and mapping of data, viewing the relationships between them in the area where they appear and managing their projection. The complete study of Kynouria’s archaeological routes contains the implementation of a website using free or open-source soft...

W artykule zastosowano teorię gafów do analizy spójności i regionalizacji miejskiej sieci osadniczej w Polsce w latach 1931, 1950 i 2002. Jako wierzchołki grafu przedstawiono
miasta (w postaci punktów), a jako krawędzie grafu – odcinki łączące te miasta, które położone
były w odległości do 25 km od siebie. Wykorzystano grafy proste, a wśród nich: pełne, regularne,
spójne i niespójne. Sieć miast tworzy regularną i podwójnie spójną sieć połączeń na obszarach,
na których jest ona trwale ukształtowana. Połączenia te rozrywają się w miarę spadku gęstości
sieci. Ich kształt może wiele powiedzieć o własnościach regionalnych sieci osadniczej oraz historycznych etapach i stopniu rozwoju danej sieci. Analizę przeprowadzono za pomocą narzędzi GIS

Everybody is born into a family. Each has its own history, therefore, 'our history' is not made by us, but by previous generations. The rise of International migration and the crumbling of family structures, however, only make it harder for descendants to learn about their family history. Inhibited by language and geographical barriers as well as lost connections to the bearers of knowledge, many offspring of migrant families year for answers to questions such as 'Where do I come from?' or 'How did I get here?' Answering these requires re-establishing lost connections and meeting family one previously did not know. This paper illustrates how the juxtaposition of two generations of Chinese Australian migrants' narrative (a 'pioneer migrant' and an 'overseas born Chinese' are vital to piecing together a segment of family history.

“ภูมิหลังการตั้งถิ่นฐานกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ไท-ลาว และการเคลื่อนย้ายสู่ประเทศไทย” เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาในชุดโครงการวิจัยศาสตราจารย์วิจัยดีเด่น ศาสตราจารย์อรศิริ ปาณินท์ หัวข้อ “การศึกษาแบบองค์รวมของการปรับตัวในบริบทใหญ่ที่แตกต่างของกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ไท-ลาว ในพื้นที่ลุ่มน้ำภาคกลางของประเทศไทย ”

การศึกษานี้จึงมุ่งประเด็นเรื่องการประวัติศาสตร์ถิ่นฐานดั้งเดิม และกระบวนการเคลื่อนตัวของกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ไท-ลาวมาสู่ประเทศไทยในบริบทของประวัติศาสตร์ เพื่อเป็นพื้นฐานสำหรับการสร้างความเข้าใจในระดับถัดไปของปรากฏการณ์ที่สืบเนื่องหลังจากการเข้ามาตั้งถิ่นฐานในประเทศไทยของกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ไท-ลาว อาทิกลุ่ม ลาวเวียง ลาวครั่ง ลาวพวน และลาวโซ่ง (ไทดำ) ซึ่งเป็นประชากรกลุ่มเป้าหมายหลักของชุดโครงการวิจัยฯ

จากการศึกษาข้อมูลทางประวัติศาสตร์ร่วมกับการศึกษาภาคสนาม เพื่อศึกษาข้อมูลในประเด็นด้านภูมิศาสตร์ พบว่า การเคลื่อนย้ายของกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ไท-ลาวมาสู่ลุ่มน้ำภาคกลางของไทยนั้น มิได้เป็นไปด้วยความยินยอมพร้อมใจ หากแต่เป็นผลกระทบที่เกิดขึ้นจากสงครามขยายอำนาจของสยาม

การตั้งถิ่นฐานร่วมกันเป็นชุมชนของกลุ่มไทดำ ไทยวน ลาวพวน ลาวเวียง ลาวครั่ง ในลุ่มน้ำภาคกลางเกิดจากการกำหนดโดยมูลนายเป็นสำคัญ กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์จึงไม่มีโอกาสเลือกพื้นที่เพื่อตั้งถิ่นฐานแรกเริ่มได้เอง ถิ่นฐานใหม่ในลุ่มน้ำภาคกลางและถิ่นฐานเดิมในลาวและเวียดนาม มีสภาพแวดล้อมทางธรรมชาติและระบบนิเวศวิทยาที่แตกต่างกันสิ้นเชิง การตั้งถิ่นฐานบนแผ่นดินที่ไม่คุ้นเคยจึงต้องปรับตัวในระบบการดำเนินชีวิตแบบใหม่ แต่ก็ทำให้เกิดความสัมพันธ์ที่แน่นแฟ้นกันในชุมชนและเครือข่ายคนในกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์เดียวกัน จนสามารถธำรงรักษาวัฒนธรรม ประเพณี และภาษาที่น่าสนใจอย่างยิ่ง อีกทั้งยังทำให้มีการปรับตัวของโครงสร้างทางเศรษฐกิจ และสังคมครั้งใหญ่ในสมัยรัตนโกสินทร์ตอนต้นด้วย

Abstract
Historical background of the settlement of Tai-Lao ethnic group and the movement to Thailand is one part of the research project on “Holistic Study for the Adaptability in the Different Contest of Tai-Lao Ethnic in the Central Region Basin of Thailand”, by Professor Ornsiri Panin.

The study aims to study the traditional and historical settlement as well as the movement of Tai-Lao ethnic group to Thailand. Historical context is the basis for the understanding of the settlement of this group, whose main population comprised Lao Wieng, Lao Khrang, Lao Phuan, and Lao Song (Tai Dum).

It was found from the historical documents and field studies in terms of geographical aspects that the movement of Tai-Lao ethnic group to the basins in central Thailand was not made by the willingness, but by the effects of war and Siamese power.

The communal settlement of Tai Dum, Tai Yuan, Lao Wieng, Lao Khrang, and Lao Phuan was specified by the noble head, so the people could not select the areas to settle by themselves. The new settlement in the areas of basins in central Thailand and their origins in Laos and Viet Nam was totally different in terms of natural surroundings and ecological systems. As a result, the people needed to adjust themselves to new living circumstances. However, relationship and network were also made and became their cultures, social structure in the early Rattanakosin period.

Presentation about ongoing research of settlement patterns in the Upper Creek-Warrior Fork tributary of the Catawba River near Morganton, NC using GIS methods. Presented as part of the G. Herbert Stout Award winners at the 2019 NCGIS conference in Winston-Salem.

Abstract The high density of Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric Period habitation sites in northwest Ohio, south of the Western Basin of Lake Erie, suggests that this area experienced a period of significant human activity in late prehistory. It has generally been accepted that ...

"The contribution presents the first results of a project centring on the study of a mediaeval settlement in the Rokycany District (Plzeň Region). It concentrates on research into villages that ceased to exist in the 15th century, their location, size, layout, farmsteads and houses. Agriculture and the exploitation and processing of iron ore in the rural environment in the late Middle Ages are conveyed marginally and will be the subject of further assessment.

Die Erforschung der Besiedelung im Bezirk Rokycany hat ergeben, dass sich das Siedlungsnetz von den bereits im frühen Mittelalter intensiver genutzten niedriger gelegenen Gebieten mit für die Landwirtschaft günstigeren Bedingungen (die Gebiete im Westen des Bezirks entlang des Flusses Beraun [Berounka], in der Region Rokycany und das Holoubkover Becken) nach und nach in die oberhalb 400 und später 500 m ü.d.M. gelegenen ungünstigeren Lagen ausbreitete. Im Einklang mit den Erkenntnissen bezüglich der Besiedelung in anderen Teilen Böhmens messen wir auch in der Region Rokycany dem 13. Jahrhundert (besonders dessen zweiter Hälfte), als die Besiedelung in Gebiete vordrang, in denen wir Spuren einer älteren Besiedelung bislang vermissen (Buchberg-Bergland [Bukovohorská vrchovina], Brdywald-Vorland
[podhůří Brd], Ränder des Ratscher und Hudlicer Berglands [Radečské a Hudlické vrchoviny]) eine beträchtliche Bedeutung bei. Außer einer deutlichen Ausweitung der Oikumene in der Region kam es zu strukturellen Änderungen der Besiedelung und zur Entstehung stabilisierter Wohnplätze auf Gebieten mit
alter Siedlungstradition. Der Bau des Siedlungsnetzes wurde erst im Verlauf des 14. Jahrhunderts vollendet, als an den Ränder des Ratscher Berglands im mittleren Teil der Region eine Gruppe von Dörfern angelegt wurde und es mindestens ab der Wende vom 13. zum 14. Jahrhundert zu einer schnellen Entwicklung der sich in der Region Strašice – Dobřív konzentrierenden Eisengewinnung kam. Im Hinblick auf die Fülle von schriftlichen Quellen und archäologischen Belegen können wir für den Zeitraum des 14. und zu Beginn des 15. Jahrhunderts die Besiedelung der Region fast zur Gänze rekonstruieren, ebenso ist es möglich, die letzten
nicht besiedelten Gebiete abzugrenzen (die Region Strašice, Radeč und den Rand des Hudlicer Berglands). Im 15. Jahrhundert ist es zu einer deutlichen Reduzierung der Besiedelung gekommen, in deren Verlauf fast 40 % der Dörfer wüst wurden (nur ein Viertel von ihnen wurde in jüngerer Zeit erneuert). Gleichzeitig verzeichnen wir, dass eine Fülle kleinerer Adelssitze (Festungen, Höfe) und einige Burgen verschwinden. Ebenso wie auch anderswo in Böhmen bietet sich ein Zusammenhang mit den zerstörerischen Auswirkungen der langwierigen Podiebrader- und Hussitenkriege an, von denen die Region Pilsen und das Brdywald– Vorland (Podbrdsko) schwer heimgesucht wurden. Freilich muss im Untergang, bzw. eher in der nicht Erneuerung der Sitze der Schnittpunkt von einer Reihe von Ursachen gesucht werden, die den Gegenstand einer weiteren Untersuchung darstellen werden. An die Ergebnisse der älteren regionalen Forschung knüpfte in den letzten Jahren eine eingehende
Grabung spätmittelalterlicher Dorfwüstungen an (insgesamt 12 Fundstellen), bei welcher vornehmlich zerstörungsfreie Methoden zugrunde gelegt wurden, die eine Fülle an Informationen über die Lage wüster Sitze in der Landschaft, über ihre Grundrissanordnung, Größe, Form von Anwesen und Haus lieferte. Auch wurde landwirtschaftlichen und nichtlandwirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten im ländlichen Milieu Beachtung geschenkt. Zu den wichtigen Ergebnissen des Projektes wird die Identifizierung des Gebietes hinzugezählt, in dem eine archaische Anordnung der Anwesen mit einteiligem Haus (Rauchstube) und selbständiger
Kammer (mittlere und nordöstliche Region Rokycany) bis zum Ende des Mittelalters überdauerte. Dazu bildet ein zweites Gebiet mit Indizien für eine regelmäßige Anordnung des Anwesens und mehrteiligem (dreiteiligem) Haus einen Kontrast (Südwesten und Süden der Region). In der Region Rokycany ist es auch gelungen nachzuweisen, dass die Untertanen ausgiebig dem Abbau und der Verarbeitung von Eisenerzen nachgingen, was bislang eines Vergleiches entbehrt."

Dispersion is a long-term structure in southern highlands of Ecuador and not simply the result of stereotypical suburbanization as it is frequently problematized by local urban studies. The concept of long-term structure is key to understanding how since the colonial era, a very centralized and hierarchical socio-political system transformed but didn’t erase long-standing logics of dispersed territorial occupation in this part of the Andes.
The study develops Cuenca and its surrounding territory as a case study. As other Andean cities, Cuenca was founded during the colonial period over previous Inca and indigenous settlements. The city is surrounded by a constellation of small and medium-sized rural centralities, whose space of occupation often dates back to pre-colonial times.
Three main topics are analysed across time and in its current condition in order to unpack dispersion in the territory of Cuenca: People as a
resource, Water, and Human Mobility. A careful consideration of the interactions between spatial, social and cultural factors across time, in
combination with interpretation of the structuring elements of its landscape, allows to reconsider and define the qualities of this landscape of dispersion. Openness, diversity and flexibility seem to characterize a landscape, so far defined mostly as chaotic and shapeless.

Turnstile is a digital artwork that translates the traces of pedestrians on a public square into a virtual geometric architecture. On the front wall of the Schadowstraße underground station in Düsseldorf, visitors can observe pedestrians within this generative architecture on an LED wall. The installation can be seen as the outcome of an artistic research process investigating swarm behaviour as a manifestation of collective togetherness.

This thesis investigates the interrelationships between settlement distributions, maize agricultural subsistence, and fluctuations in prehistoric climate in the Durango District of southwestern Colorado between A.D. 650-840, also known as the Basketmaker-III/Pueblo-I period. Previous research in the area indicates that large groups of people migrated into the Durango area around A.D. 760, altering age old settlement patterns and establishing some of the earliest villages in the northern Southwest. My focus is to further understandings of the complex interrelationships between settlement patterns and maize agricultural systems and to determine what role agriculture played in the development of these early villages.
Throughout this thesis, I investigate why Basketmaker-III/Pueblo-I peoples chose to live in dispersed or clustered settlement patterns from approximately A.D. 650-840 in the Durango area. This thesis integrates experimentation with dry land and ak’chin farming techniques, excavation and survey data, analysis of Basketmaker-III and Pueblo-I site distributions, modern and paleoclimatic reconstructions, prime agricultural soil and cold air drainage distributions, and aerial photography. I conducted fine-scale research of the agricultural potential around two prehistoric case study communities in the Durango District and then extrapolated my findings onto other communities in the larger area. Finally, I integrate these data into a conceptual model that can aid and direct future research into the prehistoric agroecological and anthropogenic landscapes of the Durango area.

In general, housing and settlement development will have the effect of global warming, with different scale of effects. Warming occurs, not only because of the dominant built area but also due to the use of materials and equipment that can increase the comfort of the inhabitants. In Bongli Village, settlement patterns are arranged in such a way based on traditional procedures, by structuring the building period, as well as the shape of the building. Can traditional settlement and building arrangements reduce the greenhouse effect? The article discusses the patterns of settlements and buildings arranged in a traditional way related to the occurrence of the greenhouse effect such as the construction of housing and settlements at the present time. To achieve this, an understanding of the greenhouse effect from housing construction activities was carried out. To get data on traditional Balinese settlement patterns, field observations were made in Bongli Village to observe settlement pat...

The focus of the present paper is the spatial organisation of daily life in dwellings related by their occupying households, or to sub-groups of these. Experimental social psychology and ethnoarchaeological data provide a basic syntax for human spatial behaviour in dwellings. The present paper makes use of this in outlining and discussing a framework for the interpretation of the
spatial organisation of archaeological dwellings, on the basis of repeated organisational patterns observed in excavated dwellings, drawing further on the analysis of recent ethnographic contexts
and existing experimental social-psychological data about humans’ non-verbal interaction in space. This paper deliberately engages with a very broad chronological and cultural range of
domestic buildings, in order to make the best use of the detailed recording of prehistoric, as well as historic material.

During the past 30 years, Tanzania has experienced successive precious mineral rushes led by artisanal miners. Their settlement, livelihood and housing strategies have evolved amidst high mobility in pursuit of mineral wealth. Cumulatively, the spatial movement of artisanal miners and an associated following of economically motivated migrant service providers have catalysed large-scale " direct urbanization " at artisanal mine sites-cum-small towns. These settlements have been generally characterized by relatively makeshift accommodation, which may mask accumulated savings of in situ earnings for housing investment elsewhere. In this article, in addition to documenting the mine-led direct urbanization process, we draw attention to a subsequent "indirect urbanization" phenomenon, whereby many successful artisanal miners and other entrepreneurial mining settlement residents make strategic house building investments in larger towns and cities. In anticipation of declining mineral yields and retirement from days of 'roughing it' in mining sites, they endeavour to channel savings into housing in more urbanized locations, aiming to diversify into profitable business activities, living a life with better physical and social amenities. Their second-wave onward migration from mine sites encompasses more diverse destinations, particularly regional towns and cities, which accommodate their work and family life cycle needs and lifestyle preferences. Such mine-led direct and indirect urbanization processes arise from sequential migration decision-making of participants in Tanzania's artisanal mining sector. In this article, we interrogate mining settlement residents' locational choices on the basis of fieldwork survey findings from four artisanal gold and diamond mining settlements in Tanzania's mineral-rich regions of Geita, Mwanza and Shinyanga, and from in-depth interviews with miners-cum-entrepreneurs residing in Mwanza, Tanzania's second largest city, situated in the heart of Tanzania's gold fields.

Lowland Maya civilization flourished in the tropical region of the Yucatan peninsula and environs for more than 2500 years (~1000 BCE to 1500 CE). Known for its sophistication in writing, art, architecture, astronomy, and mathematics, Maya civilization still poses questions about the nature of its cities and surrounding populations because of its location in an inaccessible forest. In 2016, an aerial lidar survey across 2144 square kilometers of northern Guatemala mapped natural terrain and archaeological features over several distinct areas. We present results from these data, revealing interconnected urban settlement and landscapes with extensive infrastructural development. Studied through a joint international effort of interdisciplinary teams sharing protocols, this lidar survey compels a reevaluation of Maya demography, agriculture, and political economy and suggests future avenues of field research.

This revised, updated, and expanded fourth edition of Immigrant America: A Portrait provides readers with a comprehensive and current overview of immigration to the United States in a single volume. Updated with the latest available data, Immigrant America explores the economic, political, spatial, and linguistic aspects of immigration; the role of religion in the acculturation and social integration of foreign minorities; and the adaptation process for the second generation. This revised 4th edition includes new chapters on theories of migration and on the history of U.S.-bound migration from the late nineteenth century to the present, offering an updated and expanded concluding chapter on immigration and public policy.

Village formation and settlement structure during the 1. Millennium AD is an interdisciplinary research project2 concerning the formation of the still existing villages on Funen, Denmark. The preliminary results (2014) show that the still dominant Vorbasse-paradigm3 is inadequate to explain the settlement pattern emerging from the expanding archaeological dataset. In general villages seem to be reorganized sometime around 600 AD changing from a labile conglomerate farm-structure into a fixed and closely interrelated village formation.

Until around 400 years ago, the Ainu controlled Hokkaido, the northernmost of Japan's four main islands. Today the Ainu are a small minority group in Japan and are primarily a hunting and fishing people whose origins remain in dispute. Yet, for centuries, the Ainu culture developed alongside Japanese culture, but is distinctive from that of the Japanese. However, in recent centuries, particularly since the 1889 Hokkaido Former Aborigines Protection Law, they have been subject to Japanese government policies of modernization and integration. As with indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States, the Ainu have had the majority of their sacred lands taken from them by the Japanese government.

The neighboring abandoned villages of Palmetto Point and Middle Island, on
the northwest of Saba, Dutch Caribbean, relied upon rainwater caught in cisterns as their
primary source of potable water. The island of Saba is located in the northern Lesser
Antilles, and thus is subject to a rainy and dry season in the course of a year. Using
measurements of the village cisterns and their respective catchments combined with
variations in monthly rainfall data over the course of a year, a study of water replenishment
versus water consumption is possible for Palmetto Point and Middle Island. As a
result, fluctuations in population in villages with measurable, finite supplies of potable
water allow a researcher to determine the viability of the villages at particular points in
time, and the resultant effects on internal economies and social dynamics during these
periods.

The Kyklades or Cycladic Islands have always been popular amongst archaeologists working on the Aegean Bronze Age and the 'glorious' Classical Greek past. In contrast, not much light has been shed upon aspects of post-Roman life on the islands. Research into the post-medieval period has been a subject mainly for historians and folklorists. This paper attempts to explore aspects of the lifestyle of the peoples who inhabited this island group throughout the more recent, yet most neglected centuries of Greek history, using archaeological, textual and other sources and methods. My aim is to reconstruct everyday rural life in Greece, by focusing on the domestic sphere and addressing questions concerning society and the domestic material culture of a littoral area that has remained traditional until very recently.
This paper examines some .first results of the CYRE.P. (Cyclades Research Project) and introduces examples concerning the domestic material culture of the late medieval and post-medieval periods (early 13th-late 19th centuries) in the Aegean Islands of the Cyclades, with particular reference to housing, furniture and internal.fittings, costumes and embroideries.