Alans

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...

В настоящей статье разрабатываются три вопроса, связанные с образом аланского знамени с изображением
кошачьего хищника. В первой части рассматривается мифологический и идеологический смысл образа, а также его
происхождение в среде среднеазиатских кочевников сако-массагетского круга. Во второй реконструируется аланское происхождение сванского зооморфного знамени лем. В третьей прослеживается присутствие образа аланского барса на гербе португальского города Коимбра.

Three problems related to the Alanian flag with the image of a feline predator are being developed in the article. The
first part deals with the mythological and ideological meanings of the image and its origin among the Central Asian nomads
of the Saka-Massageteans. In the second part, the Alanian origin of the Svanetian zoomorphic flag lemi is reconstructed.
The third part traces the presence of the image of the Alanian leopard on the coat of arms of the Portuguese city of Coimbra.

В крымской археологии существует мнение, что в склепах могильников эпохи раннего средневековья погребены представители аланского этноса, мигрировавшие в Крым с территории Кавказа. Такой вывод был основан на сходстве конструкций склепов и Т-образных аланских катакомб, однако он подвергается справедливой критике со стороны специалистов по сарматской археологии. В данном исследовании предпринята попытка проверить эту гипотезу методами физической антропологии. Кроме материалов из крымских могильников Сувлу-Кая, Инкерман, Черная речка и из раннеаланских памятников Северного Кавказа, изучен большой сравнительный материал различных археологических культур Восточной, Центральной и Южной Европы. Сделан вывод, что погребённые в крымских склепах вряд ли имели отношение к аланам или сарматам и, возможно, были потомками автохтонного «таврского» населения Крыма. Физический же облик погребённых в подбойных захоронениях имеет наибольшее сходство с таковым в позднесарматских и раннеаланских сообществах / Some specialists in Crimean archaeology tend to believe that Early Medieval Crimean vaults may contain bone remains of the Alans who once moved to the peninsula from the Caucasus. Such an assumption is based on the similarity of vault burial structures and T-shaped Alanian catacomb graves. However, arguments like this is fairly criticized by specialists in Sarmatian archaeology. We have tried to test this hypothesis with the use of methods taken from physical anthropology. In addition to materials from Crimean burial grounds of Suvlu-Kaya, Inkerman, Chernaya Rechka and from Early Alanian sites in the North Caucasus, we used a wide range of comparative materials from various archaeological cultures of Eastern, Central and Southern Europe. The conclusion is that people buried in the Crimean vaults were hardly related to the Alans or the Sarmatians and presumably originated from autochthonous ‘Taurian’ population. At the same time, the physical appearance of people buried in niche graves is very similar to that of people belonging to the Late Sarmatian and the Early Alanian groups.

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...

Могильник Алмалык-дере, расположенный в одноименной балке на юго-восточном склоне Мангупского плато, является самым известным раннесредневековым некрополем Мангупского городища. Он появляется во второй половине/конце IV в. в результате переселения однокультурной группы населения, в которой аланский компонент доминировал. Анализ зафиксированного погребального обряда на некрополе в V-VII вв., несмотря на его последовательное упрощение, свидетельствует в целом об эволюции погребальной практики и отсутствии принципиальных инноваций, которые можно было бы связать с новыми мигрантами.  На позднем этапе функционирования рассматривается как типичный гото-аланский некрополь области Дори в Юго-Западном Крыму.

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...

The petroglyphs of this series consist of depictions of local wild animals, the targets of hunting by archers depicted with dogs or various predators.1 Sometimes these are fantastic creatures; in the scenes where we see them or ungulates, the animals stand quietly. This is a masculine world where we see the hunters or warriors and associated male animals. Such scenes often are accompanied by depictions of tamga (nishan) clan signs. Both the animals and the signs in each composition have been made with the same instrument and are equally covered by a patina (“a desert tan”). Moreover, the tamgasigns clearly were an original part of the composition, well integrated into it. These petroglyphs have been created in a distinct style which has been noticed recently in the Jetysu region (Rogozhinskii et al. 2004, pp. 56, 73–74, 83) but never been described in detail by students of rock art in Kazakhstan and which might provisionally be called the “post-Saka style,” since the animals are sim...

We report the presence of significant Central Asian ancestry in both contemporary Bulgarians and in early medieval population from SMC (Saltovo Mayaky Culture). The existence of Chalcolithic-Iran (Hajj-Fruz) and Wusun related ancestral component in contemporary Bulgarians comes as a surprise and sheds light on both migration route and ethnic origins of Proto-Bulgarians. We interpret these results as an evidence for a Central –Asian connection for the tribes, constituting the population of SMC and Kubrat’s Old Great Bulgaria in Pontic steppe from 6th-7th century AD. We identify Central Asian Wusun tribes as carriers of this component on the base from the results from f3 and f4 statistics. We suggest that Wusun-related tribes must have played role (or might have even been the backbone) in what became known as the Hunnic migration to Europe during 3rd-5th century AD. Same population must have taken part in the formation of the SMC (Saltovo-Mayaki Culture) and Great Old Bulgarian during...

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...

Bu çalışmada incelenen konu Sarmatlar adlı millettir. Sarmatlar ve onların kolları milattan önce ve milattan sonraki dönemlerde yaşamışlardır. Bu millete ait genel bilgiler antik kaynaklardan gelmektedir, buna rağmen Sarmatlar kendilerine ait neredeyse hiç yazılı eser bırakmamışlardır. Bu sebepten dolayıdır ki onların dil, kültür ve kökenleri hep tartışılagelmiştir. Bu milletin neredeyse hiç yazılı eser bırakmamasından dolayı onların birçok yönünü aydınlatabilecek yöntemler ve bulgular genellikle arkeolojik bulgular ve modern araştırmalardır. Klasik kaynaklar da Sarmatlar hakkında bize bilgi vermektedirler ki onların verdikleri bu bilgiler bize Sarmatlar’ın kökenlerini aydınlatma konusunda önemli ölçüde fayda sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma yukarıda bahsi geçen antik kaynakların, klasik kaynakların ve modern araştırmalar gerekli görüldüğünde tercümesi yapılarak, diğer durumlarda Türkçe yazılmış eserler de kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Yurt içinde ve dahi yurt dışında Sarmatlar’ı konu alan araştırmalar yapılmıştır, bunun farkındalığında olarak bu tez çalışılmış ve yurt içinde daha önce yayınlanmamış olan bilgiler bulunup bu çalışmada yazılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra Sarmatlar’ın kökenlerini aydınlatabileceği düşünülen kuramlar, çıkarımlar ve bulgular yine çalışmada yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, birinci bölümde antik kaynakların verdiği bilgiler aktarılmış, ikinci bölümde ise modern çalışmaların verdiği bilgiler okuyucuya sunulduktan sonra antik kaynaklardaki ve modern çalışmalardaki bilgiler harmanlanarak ortaya objektif olarak incelenmiş bir şekilde Sarmatlar’ın kökenlerine dair bulgular yazılmıştır. Başlıklar içerisinde bulgular ve çıkarımlar okuyucuya aktarılmıştır

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...

Uzun yıllardır süren çalışmalara rağmen Antların etnik mensubiyeti meselesi hâlâ çözüme kavuşmuş değildir. Çoğunlukla kabul edilen görüşe göre, onların Doğu Slavları veya Rusların ataları oldukları düşünülmektedir. Çin, Bizans, Latin ve Rus kaynaklarından yola çıkılarak elde edilen neticeler de genel manada bir yere varamamıştır. Bu çalışmada George Vernadsky, daha önce yapılan çalışmalardan yola çıkarak yeni bir teşebbüste bulunmuş, meselenin çözümüne ilişkin Sarmat, Alan-As boyutunu da ekleyerek bu yönde gayret sarf etmiştir.

Nell'anno 409 Vandali, Alani e Suebi - pochi anni dopo aver fatto collassare il limes renano - oltrepassano i Pirenei e fanno il loro ingresso in Hispania. La convivenza tra elemento romano e barbarico si presenta sin da subito alquanto difficile. Le residue speranze dei Romani in un intervento militare dell'Impero diventano sempre meno concrete: il fallimento di ogni tentativo di recupero delle province perdute, tra trattati di pace e alleanze rovesciate, finirà per consegnare la penisola iberica e le sue sorti al regno dei Suebi e ai foederati Visigoti. Le istituzioni ecclesiastiche intanto, oltre a fronteggiare le eresie religiose della comunità, prenderanno gradualmente il posto delle autorità civili romane assenti in difesa dell'oppressa popolazione locale.

Tra questi Idazio di Lemica, vescovo di Aquae Flaviae, testimone contemporaneo e autore di un Chronicon che ripercorre i principali eventi dell'Hispania romana dal 379 al 468 d.C., unica fonte dell'epoca (qui tradotta integralmente per la prima volta in italiano) sulle vicende di una realtà provinciale "periferica", quella galiziano-asturica, nel V secolo d.C., alla vigilia della caduta dell'Impero d'Occidente.

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century bc, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth–fifth century ad, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed th...

The early relationships between the polities of Armenia and K'art'li in the South Caucasus and their neighbours in the North Caucasus is a central, but underappreciated, factor in the development of the South Caucasus' social and political world in the Hellenistic period. Typically, only military aspects of these interactions are considered (e.g., Alan raids and control thereof). Hazy evidence of cross-Caucasus marriage alliances preserved in both the Armenian and Georgian historiographic traditions, however, hints at a far wider sphere of interaction, despite the inherent challenges in gleaning historical reality from these medieval accounts. This paper contextualizes two stories of cross-Caucasus marriage related to foundational dynastic figures in the Armenian and Georgian traditions, Artašēs and P'arnavaz respectively, within a wider body of evidence for and thought about North-South Caucasus interaction. Taken as a whole, this consideration argues that North-South relationships should be seen as integral to the political development of the South Caucasus.

The article discusses the relationship between the Maskut kingdom of
the western Caspian coast and the Huns in Late Antiquity. The author claims that the abandonment of several Lvov cemeteries and settlements in the Terek-Sulak interfluve, as well as the increased migration of Maskuts and Alans to the territory south of the Derbent Pass were related to the Hun invasion at the end of the 4th century AD. Two factors are considered in the discontinuation of the Palasa-Syrt and
other kurgan cemeteries of southern and coastal Dagestan in the middle of the 5th century. The first factor is the possible merger between the Maskuts and the Huns during the invasion of Transcaucasia and their occupation of the Derbent Pass about 440. The second factor is the subsequent expulsion of both the Maskuts and Huns by Sasanian Iran from the territory south of Derbent. The Sasanids strengthened their
political influence in the Eastern Caucasus in the 440s. They also gained control over the Derbent Pass, which is reflected in the textual sources and in the Derbent and Torpakh-Kala mudbrick fortifications.

The book addresses the century old debate about the origin of Protobulgarians and thus contemporary Bulgarians. It includes data about most academic research carried to now and for the first time combines genetic data gathered to the present moment with the massive archaeological data existing in the field.