Competition between taxa related to climate changes has been proposed as a possible factor in Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, and here we present isotope evidence of the diets of three co-existing bear species [black bear (Ursus americanus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), and the now extinct short-faced bear (Arctodus simus)] from a locale in western North America dating to the Late (Terminal) Pleistocene (~14.5–11.7 ka). The three bear species were found at several sites on Vancouver Island, on the western coast of Canada. To examine the chronological overlap and niche partitioning between these species of bear, we used direct radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis and ZooMS proteomic identification methods. Here we present new radiocarbon evidence from Terminal Pleistocene U. americanus, U. arctos and A. simus from several sites on the island, along with both bulk collagen and compound-specific isotope data for these species. Radiocarbon dates confirm the chronological overlap of Arctodus and both Ursus species in the montane regions of the island at the end of the Pleistocene. Stable isotope data reveal niche differentiation between these species, with U. americanus occupying a distinctly lower trophic position than the other two taxa.

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Tables S1. Carbon isotope results for the Bovine Gelatin QC sample for the dataset analysed at MUN (S-SFU 269, 270, 276, 278, 279)

Tables S2. Carbon isotope results for collagen QC samples (SRM-1 and SRM-2) for the dataset measured at SFU (S-SFU 272, 277 and 281)

Table S3: Nitrogen Isotope results for collagen QC samples (SRM-1 and SRM-2) for the dataset measured at SFU (S-SFU 272, 277 and 281)

Figure S1. Comparison of δ15N values of Hydroxyproline and Proline measured within each collagen sample (from both laboratories).

Figure S2. Typical CO2 gas chromatogram (S-SFU 227) of NAIP ester derivatized amino acids from bone collagen. Ala = alanine, Val = valine, Gly = glycine, Leu = leucine, Nor = norleucine, Pro = proline, Thr = threonine, Asx = aspartic acid, Ser = serine, Glx = glutamic acid, Phe = phenylalanine, Hyp = hydroxyproline, Lys = lysine.

Figure S3. Typical N2 gas chromatogram (S-SFU 272) of NAIP ester derivatized amino acids from bone collagen. Ala = alanine, Gly = glycine, Val = valine, Leu = leucine, Nor = norleucine, Thr = threonine, Ser = serine, Pro = proline, Asx = aspartic acid, Glx = glutamic acid, Hyp = hydroxyproline, Phe = phenylalanine, Lys = lysine.

Figure S4. MALDI-ToF mass spectra of collagen digests from selected specimens for this study.

Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

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Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island, on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America

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Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island, on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America

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