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Title
Abstract
Key Takeaways
Introduction: Lebanon Overview
Objectives and Methods
Lebanese Migration Overview
Chapter III • Lebanese Migration Overview
Designation of Safe Havens
Introduction
Key Findings and Policy Recommendations
Key Findings
Policy Recommendations
References
All Topics
Sociology
Demography

The Impact of the Summer 2006 War on Migration in Lebanon: Emigration, Re-Migration, Evacuation, and Returning, Guita G. Hourani, Lebanese Emigration Research Center, NDU Press, 2006, [ISBN 9953-457-55-7].

Profile image of Guita G . Hourani, Ph.D.Guita G . Hourani, Ph.D.
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137 pages

Abstract
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This research paper explores the effects of the Summer 2006 War on migration patterns in Lebanon, focusing on emigration, re-migration, evacuation, and the return of migrants. It contextualizes Lebanese migration against the backdrop of the country’s history, socio-cultural dynamics, and the economic reality of those affected. The findings illustrate the complex interplay between war-induced migration and underlying social conditions in Lebanon, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of the migration experience.

Key takeaways
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  1. The Summer 2006 War significantly exacerbated Lebanese emigration, particularly among young families and educated individuals.
  2. LERC aims to establish itself as a leading research center on Lebanese migration and its socio-economic impacts.
  3. Over 230,000 individuals were evacuated from Lebanon during the conflict, with many facing complex logistical challenges.
  4. Remittances from the Lebanese diaspora constitute 22% of household incomes in Lebanon, indicating strong financial ties.
  5. Political instability remains a critical barrier to the return of migrants, who prioritize security over economic opportunities.

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References (201)

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  2. There are no published studies measuring emigration from Lebanon since 2003.
  3. Choghig Kasparian, L'Entrée des jeunes libanais dans la vie active et l'émigration des libanais depuis 1975: Vol. III (Beirut: Presses de l'Université Saint Joseph, 2003), 14.
  4. Richard Jong-A-Pin, "On the Measurement of Political Instability and Its Impact on Economic Growth," Faculty of Economics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, 16 March 2006, 2; see [http://con- gress.utu.fi/epcs2006/docs/D8_jong-a-pin.pdf#search=%22%20economic%20growth%20correlation%2 0with%20political%20instability%22].
  5. Kasparian, L'Entrée des jeunes libanais, 19.
  6. Are Knudsen, "Precarious Peacebuilding: Post-War Lebanon, 1990-2005," CMI Working Paper, 2005, 10; see [http://www.cmi.no/publications/2005/wp/wp2005-12.pdf].
  7. Anis Abi Farah, "The Lebanese Emigrants between 1975 and 2001" [Arabic], As-Safir, 3 December 2001, 7. See, also, M. Fatfat, "The Migration of Lebanese Professionals to the US: Why They Left Leba- non and Why They Are Staying in the US," (University of Pittsburgh, Ph.D. diss., 1998).
  8. Hourani, "Emigration and Remittances."
  9. Nassib Ghobril, "Expatriates' Remittances and the Lebanese Economy: Brain Drain or Economic Gain?," lecture presented at the Lebanese Emigration Research Center, Notre Dame University, Leba- non, 21 April 2004.
  10. Hourani, "Emigration and Remittances."
  11. Dilip Ratha, "Workers' Remittances: An Important and Stable Source of External Development Fi- nance," in Global Development Finance 2003, chapter 7; see [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTRGDF/Resources/GDF2003-Chapter7.pdf].
  12. Hourani, "Emigration and Remittances."
  13. Liesl Schillinger, "Life before Wartime: Beirut as a Case Study in the Fragility of Cosmopolitanism," New York Magazine, 7 August 2006; see [http://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/18484/].
  14. "WTTC Expects Travel and Tourism in Lebanon to Generate US$4.4 Million in 2006 and US$8.7 Mil- lion in 2016," Weekly Monitor, Banque Audi, 19-24 June 2006; see [http://www.wttc.org/2006TSA/ pdf/Lebanon.pdf].
  15. Schillinger, "Life before Wartime. "
  16. "Travel & Leisure World's Best Awards," 31 July 2006; see [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/ 20060731/ap_tr_ge/travel_superlatives_world_s_best&printer=1;_ylt=AjmgZdl4C5_ A5ZayrJIMt3mUU80F;_ylu=X3oDMTA3MXN1bHE0BHNlYwN0bWE-].
  17. The survey was conducted prior to the Summer 2006 War.
  18. "WTTC Expects Travel and Tourism in Lebanon."
  19. Ibid.
  20. Ibid.
  21. Ibid.
  22. "Total Arrivals by Nationality for the Period of 2006," Lebanese Ministry of Tourism, Department Studies -Research and Documentation, July 2006.
  23. Ibid.
  24. Schillinger, "Life before Wartime. "
  25. "The Sixth War: Israel's Invasion of Lebanon," The MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies 6 (Summer 2006), 6.
  26. "Beirut Exit," Star News Group, 25 July 2006; see [http://www.starnewsgroup.com.au/story/19538].
  27. Schillinger, "Life before Wartime. "
  28. "U.S. Plans ' Air Bridge' out of Lebanon, Officials Say," CNN.com, 16 July 2006; see [http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/07/15/lebanon.us.citizens/index.html].
  29. Ibid.
  30. "Lebanon: Switzerland Continues Its Efforts for the Creation of a Humanitarian Corridor for South Lebanon," 24 July 2006; see [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/dn/dn8D9BFC1B527E78B9852571B6004 B3E39].
  31. "War in Figures," Information International Monthly, August 2006, 4.
  32. Ibid.
  33. We were not able to confirm this number.
  34. "Middle East Situation; Siniora Addresses Lebanese People, CNN.com, 15 July 2006; see [http://tran- scripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0607/15/se.01.html].
  35. "They Are Leaving" [Arabic], As-Safir, 28 July 2006.
  36. Bassima ' Atouwi, "Travel Passport a Commodity…" [Arabic], Al-Mustakbal, 27 July 2006.
  37. Ibrahim Sirkeci, "War in Iraq: Environment of Insecurity and International Migration," International Mi- gration 43, no. 4 (2005), 200.
  38. Ibid.
  39. This is a direct quote from a personal electronic communication with Dr. Ibrahim Sirkeci, professor at the European Business School, Regent's College, London, UK, and author of The Environment of Insecu- rity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2006). The original communication is available in LERC's archive.
  40. Schillinger, "Life before Wartime. "
  41. Jabbour Douaihi, "De Bint Jbeil à Jbeil Michigan: Visite à nos cousins d'Amerique," L'Orient Le Jour, 7 September 2006. Ahmad Beydoun, Bint Jbeil Michigan [Arabic], (Beirut: Dar An-Nahar, 2006), 77.
  42. Liz Sly, "Americans Escape Battered Beirut," Chicago Tribune, 20 July 2006.
  43. Non-Combatant Evacuation Operations Joint Warfare Publication 3-51, UK Ministry of Defence; see [http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/95CD1C65-5C59-4F25-A37B-615ED5A43AD0/0/jwp3_51.pdf# search=%22How%20difficult%20complex%20a%20non%20combatant%20evacuation%20operati on%20is%22].
  44. Joint War Fighting Publication 3-07.5: Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Noncombatant Evacuation Operations, UK Ministry of Defence, 30 September 1997; see [http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/ new_pubs/jp3_07_5.pdf].
  45. Ibid.
  46. Ibid.
  47. "Govt. Steps Up Lebanon Evacuation Plans," ABC News Online, 17 July 2006; see [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200607/s1687855.htm].
  48. F. Stockman and A. L. Butters, "Desperate Choices Inside Lebanon," The Boston Globe, 16 July 2006.
  49. "Why Dual Citizenship Doesn't Mean the Best of Both Worlds," Immigration Watch Canada, 20 July 2006; see [http://www.immigrationwatchcanada.org/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op= view_page&PAGE_id=613&MMN_position=92:90].
  50. 9. "US Marines Make Partial Return as Evacuation Picks Up Steam," The Daily Star, 21 July 2006.
  51. Lauren O'Hara, "It All Boils Down to One, Small Document," Cyprus Mail, 22 July 2006.
  52. "Lebanese Refugees Pour Across Syrian Border," CNN.com, 20 July 2006; see [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/20/lebanon.refugees/].
  53. "Turkey's Role in Evacuations from Lebanon to Turkey, Other Humanitarian Efforts," Diplomacy Moni- tor, 3 August 2006; see [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/dn/dnED744C95DED3A9A7852571C00013A860].
  54. "Syria Gives an Ultimatum for Iraqis Fleeing Lebanon to Leave Its Land in 48 hours" [Arabic], Iraqi Democratic Union, 3 August 2006; see [http://www.idu.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article& sid=1501].
  55. "Foreign Countries Evacuate Their Citizens by Land and Sea" [Arabic], Al-Arabia, 18 July 2006; see [http://www.alarabiya.net/search.aspx?s=k GHh k GH gjYQ ȸJ ǾLC ÕG ºh~dG].
  56. David King and Peter Wilson, "Australian Evacuations Pick Up the Pace," 24 July 2006; see [http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,19886540-26697,00.html].
  57. "Govt. Steps Up Lebanon Evacuation Plans."
  58. The Hon. Alexander Downer, MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australia, "Evacuation Arrangements From Lebanon," Media Release # Fa082, 24 July 2006; see [http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/Releases/ 2006/Fa082_06.html].
  59. King and Wilson, "Australian Evacuations Pick Up the Pace."
  60. "Welcome Home Ceremony for Lebanon Evacuation Team," Australian Ministry of Defence, 25 Sep- tember 2006; see [http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Macdonaldtpl.cfm?CurrentId=6028].
  61. Ibid.
  62. "At-a-Glance: Lebanon Evacuations," BBC News, 25 July 2006; see [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/mid- dle_east/5184134.stm].
  63. Oswaldo Truzzi, "Lebanese in Brazil," in Roberto Khatlab, Lebanese Migrants in Brazil: An Annotated Bib- liography (Lebanon: LERC, NDU Press, 2005), 17.
  64. "Brazil Intensifies Efforts to Rescue Citizens in Lebanon," People's Daily Online, updated 2 August 2006; [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200608/02/eng20060802_289207.html].
  65. Wikipedia; see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2006_Israel-Lebanon_con- flict_by _Evacuations_and_aid].
  66. The quotes by Roberto Khatlab are translated from French and taken from a personal electronic com- munication available in LERC's archive.
  67. "Brazil Evacuates Nationals from Lebanon,", People's Daily Online, 18 July 2006; see [http://english.peo- ple.com.cn/200607/18/eng20060718_284244.html].
  68. Guilherme Lopes Neves, "It is Time to Rebuild Lebanon," Ohmynews, 20 August 2006; see [http://eng- lish.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?article_class=16&no=312189&rel_no=1].
  69. Ibid.
  70. "MacKay Defends Mideast Rescue Operation," CBC News, 21 July 2006, 6:23:42 pm EDT.
  71. "The Biggest Rescue in Canadian History," CBC News, 31 July 2006; see [http://www.cbc.ca/news/back- ground/middleeast-crisis/evac_timeline.html].
  72. "Ottawa: Ships Ready to Take Canadians from Lebanon by Midweek," CBC News, 17 July 2006; see [http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/07/17/canadians-lebanon.html].
  73. "Canadians Reach Cyprus after Grueling Trip from Lebanon," CBC News, 20 July 2006; see [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/07/20/ship-sails.html].
  74. "Nearly 2,000 Canadians Safely Out of Lebanon," CBC News, 22 July 2006, see [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/07/22/evacuation-lebanon.html].
  75. Ibid.
  76. "Ship Will Take Canadians from Tyre: Ottawa," CBC News, 24 July 2006; see [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/07/23/canadians-evacuate.html].
  77. "Canadian Soldiers Help Dozens Escape Lebanon," CBC News, 24 July 2006; see [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/07/24/cdn-evacuation.html].
  78. "Cyprus: Evacuation to Cyprus Continues as Number Expected to Triple," Greek News, 24 July 2006; see [http://www.greeknewsonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=5273].
  79. "Lebanon Evacuation Cost $85-million: Report," The Globe and Mail, 19 September 2006; see [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060919.wlebanon19/BNStory/National/].
  80. "Ottawa Winds Down Daily Lebanon Evacuations," CBC News, 28 July 2006; see [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/07/28/evacuation-cda.html].
  81. "Européens et Américains se préparent à évacuer leurs ressortissants du Liban," France News.yahoo, 15 July 2006; see [http://fr.news.yahoo.com/15072006/202/europeens-et-americains-se-preparent- evacuer-leurs-ressortissants-du-liban.html].
  82. "U.S., France Plan Lebanon Evacuations," CNN.com, 17 July 2006; see [http://www.cnn.com/2006/ WORLD/meast/07/16/lebanon.evacuation/index.html] and [http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/ meast/07/16/lebanon.evacuation/index.html].
  83. "Plus de 10,000 Français ont été déjà évacués," L'Orient Le Jour, 8 August 2006.
  84. Ibid.
  85. "Lebanon/New Repatriation Operation," Daily Press Briefing, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2 August 2006; see [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/dn/dnA0D8FC12BF5CF02A852571BE006EC9F2].
  86. "La France réalise sa plus grande opération d'évacuation à Beyrouth, L'Orient Le Jour, 28 July 2006; see [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-126799124.html].
  87. Thanassis Cambanis, "Americans Line Up to Leave Beirut," The Boston Globe, 18 July 2006.
  88. Ibid.
  89. Ibid.
  90. "Européens et Américains se préparent à évacuer leurs ressortissants du Liban."
  91. "Belgians to Flee Lebanon on French-Chartered Ferry," 17 July 2006; see [http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?channel_id=2&story_id=31590].
  92. Ibid.
  93. "Stranded Germans Trying to Flee from Lebanon," Expatica, 18 July 2006; see [http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?channel_id=2&story_id=31643].
  94. "Foreign Governments Issue Final Evacuation Orders in Lebanon," DW-World.de, 22 July 2006; see [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2107222,00.html].
  95. Ibid.
  96. "La SRE Entra en Contacto con 219 Mexicanos en Libano," Comunicado de Prensa No. 148, México, D.F., 15 July 2006; see [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/dn/dnC30F91EC99973D2B852571AD00328B88].
  97. "Salida de Mexicanos de Libano," Comunicado de Prensa No. 154, México, D.F., 19 July 2006; see [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/dn/dnB96D880538587F83852571B000564063].
  98. "Nigeria, U.S., UK Evacuate Citizens from Lebanon," Africa News Dimension, 17 July 2006; see [http://westafrica.andnetwork.com/index?service=direct/1/Home/recent.fullStory&sp=l44991].
  99. Ibid.
  100. Iyobosa Uwugiaren, "Nigerian Couple Killed in Lebanon," Daily Independent Online Edition, 21 July 2006; see [http://www.dailytrust.com/weekly/augarchive2006/cover.htm].
  101. "Largest Evacuation Ever," Diplomacy Monitor, 1 August 2006; see [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/dn/dn9343699AACD7D47D852571BE0043BA6C].
  102. "Mobile Technology Aids Swedish evacuation," The Local (Sweden's News in English), 20 July 2006, 2:29 pm CET; see [http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=4384].
  103. Ibid.
  104. Ibid.
  105. Ibid.
  106. "Lebanon: All Swiss Nationals Wishing to Leave South Lebanon Are Now Safe," Swiss Federal Council, 28 July 2006; see [http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/e/home/singlem.html?id=6427].
  107. "Defence News, Military Operations, FACTSHEET: Emergency in Lebanon," UK Ministry of Defence, 20 July 2006; see [http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/UkMilitaryEvacuationAssistan ceDrawsToACloseWith4500EvacuatedFromLebanon.htm].
  108. "Lebanon Evacuation Gathers Pace," BBC News, 18 July 2006; see [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/mid- dle_east/5189988.stm].
  109. "Family Safe after Fleeing Lebanon," BBC News, 21 July 2006.
  110. Ibid.
  111. Brian Whitaker and Jonathan Steele, "Massive Evacuation Gathers Pace," The Guardian, 19 July 2006; see [http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,,1823865,00.html#article_continue].
  112. Ibid.
  113. Brian Whitaker, "Relief as First Froup of Britons Taken to Cyprus on Royal Navy Warship," The Guard- ian, 19 July 2006; see [http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1823823,00.html].
  114. Ibid.
  115. Ibid.
  116. "British Evacuees Return from Lebanon," 20 July 2006; see [http://www.guardian.co.uk/interna- tional/story/0,,1824815,00.htmlPress Association].
  117. Ibid.
  118. Whitaker and Steele, "Massive Evacuation Gathers Pace."
  119. Defence News, Military Operations, FACTSHEET: Emergency in Lebanon, UK Ministry of Defence, 20 July 2006; see [http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/UkMilitaryEvacuationAssistan ceDrawsToACloseWith4500EvacuatedFromLebanon.htm].
  120. "Lebanon Situation Update: July 21, 2006," Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC), 21 July 2006.
  121. Ibid.
  122. Ibid.
  123. "U.S. Stepping Up Lebanon Evacuation…" CNN, 19 July 2006.
  124. "U.S. Waives Fee to Flee Lebanon," CNN.com, 18 July 2006; see [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/18/lebanon.evacuation/index.html].
  125. "U.S. Waives Fee to Flee Lebanon",… July 18, 2006.
  126. "Lebanon Situation Update," Fact Sheet (Revised), Office of the Spokesman, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, 2 August 2006; see [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/69225.htm].
  127. Kara Murphy, "The Lebanese Crisis and Its Impact on Immigrants and Refugees," Migration Policy In- stitute, 1 September 2006; see [http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=419].
  128. "Cyprus Cannot Host Tens of Thousands of Evacuees," Cyprus Mail, 22 July 2006.
  129. "Lebanon Situation Update," Fact Sheet (Revised), Office of the Spokesman, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, 2 August 2006; see [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/69225.htm].
  130. Kara Murphy, "The Lebanese Crisis and Its Impact on Immigrants and Refugees," Migration Policy In- stitute, 1 September 2006; see [http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=419].
  131. Jeff Stinson, "U.S. Evacuation from Lebanon Nears End," USA Today, 22 July 2006. Notes 1. Department of Defense Directive Number 3025.14, 5 November 1990, certified current as of 8 Decem- ber 2003; see [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/dod/d302514x.htm#ce2].
  132. "Govt. Steps Up Lebanon Evacuation Plans," ABC News Online….
  133. Constantine Markides, "Our Primary Goal is Getting People Home," Cyprus Mail, 22 July 2006.
  134. Ibid.
  135. Constantine Markides, "Australia Thanks Cyprus for Evacuation Help," Cyprus Mail, 6 August 2006.
  136. Alexia Saoulli, "New Deportation Sparks Uproar," Cyprus Mail, 3 August 2006.
  137. Alexia Saoulli, "Woman Deported Back to Lebanon," Cyprus Mail, 2 August 2006.
  138. Jean Christou, "EU: Be Prepared for Worse to Come," Cyprus Mail, 26 July 2006.
  139. Markides, "Our Primary Goal is Getting People Home."
  140. Ibid.
  141. Constantine Markides, "Bringing Them In and Sending Them Out," Cyprus Mail, 25 July 2006. 12. "Lebanese Refugees Pour across Syrian Border," CNN.com, 20 July 2006; see [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/20/lebanon.refugees/].
  142. Obaida Hamad and Dalia Haidar, "Friends in Need," Syria Today, July 2006; see [http://www.syria-to- day.com/pkg05/ index.php?page=search&ex=2&dir=search&lang=1&StartSearch= 1&Keywords=refugees].
  143. "Through Cyprus and Syria…" (Arabic), Dar Al-Hayat, 6 July 2006.
  144. Hamad and Haidar, "Friends in Need."
  145. "Lebanon Crisis: Returns Nearly Over, Refocus on South," UNHCR, date, [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/lebanon-crisis ?page=brifing&id=44 e 5904a2].
  146. Annette Rehrl, "Syrian Government Takes Over Summer Youth Camps to Shelter Lebanese," UNHCR, 3 August 2006; see [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/news/opendoc.htm?tbl=NEWS&id=44d21b4b2].
  147. Annette Rehrl, "Syrian Villagers Open Their Doors to Mass Arrival of Lebanese Refugees," UNHCR, 8 August 2006; see [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/news/opendoc.htm?tbl=NEWS&id=44d8ca652].
  148. "UNHCR Distributed Relief Aid to Needy Displaced Lebanese in Syria," UNCHR, 26 July 2006; see [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/news/opendoc.htm?tbl=NEWS&id=44c7b9784].
  149. Hamad and Haidar, "Friends in Need."
  150. Rehrl, "Syrian Government Takes Over Summer Youth Camps."
  151. Ibid.
  152. "UNHCR Distributed Relief Aid to Needy Displaced Lebanese."
  153. Rehrl, "Syrian Government Takes Over Summer Youth Camps."
  154. Hamad and Haidar, "Friends in Need."
  155. "Lebanon: Returnee Situation," UNHCR, 22 August 2006; see [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/teis/vtx/lebanon-crisis ?page=briefing&id=44eae2d310].
  156. "Turkey's Role in Evacuations from Lebanon to Turkey, Other Humanitarian Efforts," Diplomacy Moni- tor, 3 August 2006; see [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/dn/dnED744C95DED3A9A7852571C00013A860].
  157. "Turkey Runs Largest-Ever Evacuation Operation," The New Anatolian, 25 July 2006; see [http://www.thenewanatolian.com/print-11544.html].
  158. "Turkey Becomes Main Evacuation Route," The New Anatolian, 27 July 2006; see [http://www.thenewanatolian.com/tna-11696.html].
  159. Turkey Brushes Aside Differences with Canada in Evacuation Effort," The New Anatolian, 28 July 2006; see [http://www.thenewanatolian.com/tna-11783.html].
  160. Ibid.
  161. Ibid.
  162. "Turkey Runs Largest-Ever Evacuation Operation."
  163. "The Second World War" [Arabic], Dar Al-Hayat, 6 July 2006.
  164. "Turkey's Role in Evacuations from Lebanon to Turkey."
  165. "King Issues Orders to Facilitate Entry of Foreigners Fleeing Lebanon," Jordan Times, 23 July 2006; see [http://www.jordanembassyus.org/07232006001.htm].
  166. "15,000 Lebanese in Jordan Following Conflict-Bakhit," The Jordan Times, 4-5 August 2006; see [http://www.jordantimes.com/fri/homenews/homenews11.htm].
  167. brought to the floor again after the upcoming November elections, it may not pass because the urgency for it has decreased with the end hostilities in Lebanon. Notes 1. "Lebanon: The Immigration Connection," Immigration Watch Canada, 20 July 2006; see [http://www.immigrationwatchcanada.org/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op= view_page&PAGE_id=615].
  168. Arthur Weinreb, "Canadian Evacuation of Lebanon: Time to End Dual Citizenship," CanadaFreePress.com, 21 July 2006; see [http://www.canadafreepress.com/2006/weinreb072106.htm].
  169. Ibid.
  170. "Lebanon: The Immigration Connection," Immigration Watch Canada, 20 July 2006; see [http://www.immigrationwatchcanada.org/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op= view_page&PAGE_id=615].
  171. "Lebanon Evacuation Cost $85-Million: Report," The Globe and Mail, 9 September 2006; see [http://ww.the globeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.200609].
  172. Ibid.
  173. Weinreb, "Canadian Evacuation of Lebanon."
  174. Piers Akerman, "Warzone Whingers Suddenly Australian," 19 July 2006; see [http://blogs.news.com.au/ dailytelegraph/piersakerman/index.php/dailytelegraph/comments/warzone_whingers_suddenly_ australian/].
  175. Ibid.
  176. Weinreb, "Canadian Evacuation of Lebanon."
  177. "Lebanon Evacuation Cost $85-Million: Report."
  178. "Ottawa to Review Help for Non-Resident Citizens," The Globe and Mail, 26 July 2006; see [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060726.wxpassports26/BNStory/Na- tional/home].
  179. Ibid.
  180. Ibid.
  181. Ibid.
  182. Ibid.
  183. "Lebanon: The Immigration Connection," Immigration Watch Canada, 20 July 2006; see http://www.immigrationwatchcanada.org/index.php?modle=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op= view_page&PAGE_id=615].
  184. "M.P.s Alghabra and Wrzesnewskyj Denounce Remarks that Imply Second Class Citizenship," 20 July 2006; see [http://www.arab2000.net/wnewsDetails.asp?id=36775&cid=25].
  185. Ibid.
  186. "Ottawa to Review Help for Non-Resident Citizens."
  187. "Lebanon: The Immigration Connection."
  188. "Lebanon Evacuation Shows the Need for a Canadian Diaspora Strategy," 26 July 2003; see [www.asiapacificbusiness.ca/apbn/pdfs/bulletin269.pdf].
  189. Ibid.
  190. Ibid.
  191. Michael Grynbaum, "A Bipartisan Bill Seeks Protected Status for Lebanese in US," The Boston Globe, 2 August 2006; see [http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/08/02/bill_seeks_pro- tected_status_for_leb].
  192. "Durbin and Sununu Introduce Bill to Offer Protection for Lebanese People," Office of Senator John Sununu, 1 August 2006; see [http://www.sununu.senate.gov/pressapp/re- cord.cfm?id=260298&&year=2006&].
  193. "Temporary Protected Status: Current Immigration Policy and Issues," US Department of State, 4 No- vember 2004, 3; see [http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/41113.pdf#search= %22temporary%20protected%20status%20and%20lebanese%22].
  194. Ibid., 1.
  195. "Sign-On Request for Lebanon and Gaza Protected Status," Arab-American Anti-Discrimination Com- mittee; see [http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=2947].
  196. "Temporary Protected Status: Current Immigration Policy and Issues." Notes 1. "Foreign Office Amends Travel Advice for Lebanon," UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 14 Sep- tember 2006; see [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/dn/dnEDD45754DE0C6EE 3852571E900493F71].
  197. "Lebanon," Government of New Zealand, 12 September 2006; see [http://safetravel.govt.nz/coun- tries/lebanon.shtml].
  198. "Travel Warning: Lebanon," US Department of State, downloaded 3 October 2006; see [http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_2123.html].
  199. The BIT aims at protecting the investments of citizens of foreign countries and assists the country where the investments are made to develop its economy by creating conditions more favorable for private in- vestment and, thus, strengthening the development of its private sector.
  200. Nassib Ghobril, "Expatriates' Remittances and the Lebanese Economy: Brain Drain or Economic Gain?" lecture presented at the Lebanese Emigration Research Center, NDU, April 21, 2004.
  201. Ibid.
About the author
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Guita G . Hourani, Ph.D.
John F. Kennedy University, Department Member

Dr. Guita Hourani is a distinguished and highly respected professional with extensive expertise in migration, citizenship, development, and project management. She holds a Ph.D. from the Graduate School of Global Studies at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Japan. As a Country Expert in migration, she offers invaluable legal insights to government migration institutions, NGOs, lawyers, and individuals. In this capacity, she serves as an Expert Witness or Expert Testimony, providing meticulously crafted written affidavits and reports for immigration and asylum cases across various jurisdictions, including the US, Canada, England, the Netherlands, Egypt, Sweden, and others. In her consultancy work, Hourani conducts comprehensive analyses and elucidations of Lebanon's political, legal, human rights, gender, and socio-economic conditions, offering nuanced perspectives on legal proceedings. She currently serves as an Expert on Citizenship with the European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship in Italy, is a member of a Japanese and Hungarian scholarly group researching migration history and policies, and is an Senior Research Affiliate with the Institute of Religion and Society at the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv, Ukraine. Additionally, she holds affiliations with the Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies in Japan and is a Senior Research Associate with the Phoenix Center for Lebanese Studies at the Holy Spirit University in Kaslik, Lebanon. Hourani's professional engagements also include consultancy roles with the EU, and the Lebanese Development Network (LDN) in Lebanon, and she serves as the Co-Founder and Secretary-General of the International Campaign of the Lebanon Dialogue Initiative and Co-Founder of Oghma Group International. She has been a Fellow of the US Department of State-sponsored Civic Education and Leadership Fellowship at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University in the USA, and a Fellow of the Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity, and Welfare in Sweden. Hourani has served as a Country of Origin Information Expert on Lebanon for The Rights in Exile Programme in England, as the Director of the Lebanese Center for Migration and Diaspora Studies at Notre Dame University-Louaize in Lebanon, and as a Fellow of Women in Conflict with Beyond Borders in Edinburgh, Scotland. Furthermore, she has been a Fellow at the Institute of Christian Oriental Research at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., USA, a migration expert for the International Labor Organization MAGNET Program, a member of the Editorial Board for Mashreq & Mahjar Journal of Middle Eastern Migration Studies at North Carolina State University in the USA, and a member of various migration expert committees and groups, including those with the Lebanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the UNDP, and the Maronite Patriarchal Synod. Hourani's latest consultancy roles include serving as a Senior Researcher for the "TOGETHER" project, Lead Researcher for the "MYSEA" project, and Country Expert for The European Union’s South Mediterranean Social Dialogue (SOLiD) project. She has consulted on projects funded by several international organizations, including the International Organization for Migration, the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation, the International Labor Organization, the Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration, the European Union, and others. Having conducted research in over 27 countries and presented lectures and papers in more than 20 countries, Hourani has conceptualized, designed methodologies, implemented projects, and written final reports on various topics related to migration, refugees, labor markets, socioeconomic mobility, political participation, voting behavior, integration policies, and access to information, among others. Over the past decade, she has secured over $1,000,000 in individual and collective grants and tenders for her work.

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2013 “Contending Frames of ‘Security’ and ‘Citizenship’: Lebanese Dual Nationals during the 2006 Lebanon War,” in S. Ilcan, ed. Mobilities, Knowledge and Social Justice, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
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Claims of belonging: Recent tales of trouble in Canadian citizenship
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Canada’s Conservative government faced its first substantive controversy in its handling of the evacuation of Canadians from Lebanon during the July 2006 conflict in that country. Within a year, another controversy was spurred by the passport requirements of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (in force since 2007). Upon applying for their passports, some people discovered that their Canadian citizenship was in doubt. Both cases raised similar questions in public debate and policy: what constitutes a Canadian citizen, what role do factors surrounding one’s birth and kinship ties have on one’s claim to citizenship and what obligations or attachments does a person have to undertake in order to be a citizen? But the cases also exposed differing responses towards the Canadians evacuated from Lebanon and the ‘Lost Canadians’ that reflect a racialized and ethnicized hierarchy of Canadian citizenship.

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Insecurity, Migration and Return: The Case of Lebanon Following the Summer 2006 War, co-authored by Guita Hourani and Dr. Eugene Sensenig-Dabbous, based on survey work conducted with a team of interns and students. The research was commissioned by the Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM), Research Reports [CARIM-RR 2007/01], Robert Schumann Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole Florence, Italy: European University Institute, 2007.
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Lebanese Diaspora and Homeland Relations, by Guita Hourani, paper presented at the Migration and Refugee Movements in the Middle East and North Eastern Africa, The Forced Migration & Refugee Studies Program of the American University in Cairo, October 23-25, 2007, Cairo, Egypt.
Guita G . Hourani, Ph.D.
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Lebanese Diaspora And Homeland Relations
Lerc Ndu

The Forced Migration & Refugee Studies Program The American University in Cairo, Egypt

Although Lebanese emigrants have always been part of Lebanon's life, Lebanon has not actually had a specific diaspora policy. This discussion paper will not deal with the migration process, or the motives for migration. It will focus, instead, on some selected aspects of the Lebanese diaspora and homeland relations. It will draw attention to some of the important networks connecting the Lebanese diaspora with Lebanon and will review courses of action undertaken by the Lebanese government to strengthen ties with its diaspora.

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Related topics

  • Middle East Studies
  • Israel Studies
  • War Studies
  • Forced Migration
  • Return Migration
  • Middle East Politics
  • Ethnicity and National Identity
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