Indizamkhathi

Indizamkhathi iyisithuthi esiklanyelwe ukundiza nokusebenza emkhathini ongaphandle. Izindizamkhathi zisetshenziselwa izinjongo ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ezokuxhumana, ukubuka umhlaba, isimo sezulu, ukuzulazula, ukuhlala emkhathini, ukuhlwaya imizulane, kanye nokuthuthwa kwabantu nempahla . Zonke izindizamkhathi azikwazi ukungena emkhathini zizodwa, futhi zidinga isithuthi sokuzinyakula (isicibamkhathi esithwalayo).

Ukundiza umbuyelo (sub-orbital), isithuthi sasemkhathini sizongea emkhathini bese bese siyabuya siza ebusweni boMhlaba singazange sithole amandla anele noma isivinini sokuwuzungeza. Ukundiza okuzungezayo, ilapho isithuthi sasemkathini singena emkhathini bese siqala ukuwuzungeza, lokhu kuyenzeka nakwenye indikimba esemkhathini. Izindizamkhathi ezisetshenziselwa ukundiza nabantu zibathwala ngaphakathi babe abashayeli noma abagibeli kusuka lapho zinyakulwa zize ziyofika esigculeni esisemkhathini noma ozungezweni, kuyilapho lezo ezisetshenziselwa uhambo lwasemkhathini lezithununu zona zisebenza ngenhleleleko. Izindizamkhathi eziyizithununu zisetshenziselwa ukuucwaningo lenzululwazi, ezaziwayo iziphuphutheki zomkhathi. Izindizamkhathi eziyizithununu ezivame ukuhlala zizungeza indikimba ewumzulane ziyizivoko. Kuze kube namuhla, kuneziphuphutheki ezimbalwa zenqeke, ezifana ne-Pioneer 10 ne- 11, iVoyager 1 neyesi- 2, kanye ne- New Horizons, ezisemcitshweni wokushiya uzungezohlelo lwelanga.

Izindizmkhathi ezayo ziyatakuleka kanti ezinye azitakuleki. Izindizamkhathi ezitakulekayo zihlukaniswa ngendlela ezingena ngayo kumoyambulunga, kube izimboma ezingenazo izimpiko nemikhumbimkhathi enezimpiko. Izindizamkhathi ezitakulekayo zibuye zisetshenziswe ngokuthi zinyakulwe izikhathi eziningana, kanti ezinye ngeke ziyasesebenza (njengeSoyuz). Enkathini yakamuza, izinhlangano zezomkhathi sezithanda ukusebenzisa lezo ezisebenzisekayo futhi.

uMlando

Indizamkhathi yokuqala yakhandwa eJalimani. Yayibizwa V-2, yaklanywa ngosizo lukaWernher von Braun, futhi yafika ekuphakameni okungamakhilomitha ayi-189 ngoJuni we-1944.^[1] Indizamkhathi iSputnik 1 kwaba isivoko sokuqala emlandweni. Yanyakulwa ukuba izungeze uMhlaba makhophelana mhla zizi-4 ku-Okthoba 1957. Ukunyakulwa kwayo kwafaka abantu entuthukweni yezombusazwe, ezempi, ezobuchwepheshe nezenzululwazi engakaze ibonwe; nakuba ukunyakulwa kwayo kwakungumcimbi owodwa, kwaba uphawu lokuqala kwenkathi yezomkhathi.^[2]^[3] Ngaphandle kobumqoka bayo kwezobuchwepheshe, indizamkhathi iSputnik 1 salekelela ekuhlonzeni ungqimba lomoyambulunga olungaphezulu nesikhuhle sawo, ngokulinganisa izinguquko zozungezo lwesivoko. Futhi yahlinzeka osonzululwazi ngemininingo yokusabalala kweziyabizo zomsakazo kusihonyombulunga. INikwe elingena emzimbeni wesivoko waveza ithuba eliyngqayizivele lokuhlonga iziphololwane.

Nakuba iSputnik 1 kwakuyindizamkhathi yokuqala eyazungeza uMhlaba, ezinye izinto ezazikhandwe abantu zakwazi ukufika ekuphakameni okungamakhilomitha a-100, okubizwa ngokuthi umugqa kaKarman.

Izinhlobo zezindizamkhathi

Isivoko sezokuxhumana

Main article: Isivoko sokuxhumana

Isivoko sokuxhumana siyisivoko esidlulisa futhi siqongise iziyabizo zokuxhumanakude sisebenzisa isithwecelo (transponder); sikhanda umgudu wezokuxhumana phakathi kwesifufukisi esiwumthombo nesamukezi ezindaweni ezihlukile zoMhlaba. Izivoko zokuxhumana zisetshenziswa kumabonakude, izingcingo, umsakazo, uxhakaxholo nakwezempi.^[4] Iningi lezivoko zokuxhumana zikuhelozungezo olungaphezu kwenkabazwe ngamakhilomita ayizi-23,000 ukuphakama, ukuze isivoko kube ngathi sigculile esibhakahakeni; ngakho izihoshamoya zesivoko eziphansi ziheka endaweni eyodwa ukuze zihlezi zithungatha isivoko. Ezinye zivame ukwakha izishomo zezivoko ezisozungezweni oluphansi, lapho izihoshamoya eziphansi zilandela isikhundla sezivoko futhi ziqhebeza phakathi kwazo.

Indizamkhathi yentutho

Indizamkhathi yentutho iyindizamkhathi eyisithununu eklanyelwe ukuthwala intutho noma impahla, ngenjongo yokuhlinzeka isigculo ssasemkhathini ngokudla, impokozisa nezinye izimpahla.

Indizamkhathi yentutho ehlelelekiwe yaqala ukusetshenziswa kusuka ngowe-1978, ikhonza iSalyut 6], iSalyut 7, iMir, kanye Isigculo Sasemkhathini Samazwe kuhlanganisa nohlelo lwesigculo sasemkhathini saseShayina.

Ngowezi-2023, kwakusetshenziswa izindizamkhathi zentutho ezintathu ezihambisa impahla esigculweni Ssaemkhathini Samazwe: Indizamkhathi Progress yaseRashiya, indizamkhathi iSpaceX Dragon 2 kanye nendizamkhathi iCygnus zaseMelika. ElaseShayina lona lisebenzisa indizamkhathi iTianzhou.

Isiphuphutheki

Iziphuphutheki zona ziyizindizamkhathi eziyizithununu ezithunyelwa emkhathingeni ukuze ziyohlwaya, noma zithunyelwe ezindikimbeni ezisemkhathini ezifana nemizulane. Iziphuphutheki azifani nezinyathuzi (Lander) ngenxa yokuthi zona zisebenza emkhathingeni, hhayi ebusweni bemizulane noma kumoyambulunga wemizulane. Ukuba kwazo yizithununu kwenza kungadingeki izinhelo zokugcina impilo ezibizayo nezinzima, futhi kkuba lula ukuzifukula ngezicibamkhathi ezingasindi. Iziphuphutheki sezithunyelwe kuyo yonke imizulane yozungezohlelo lwelanga kanye nakuNochoko, futhi isiphuphutheki esibizwa Parker Solar Probe sona sakwazi ukuzungeza eduze neLanga. Kuneziphuphutheki ezinhlanu umcibo wazo uzenza zisondele ekuphumeni kuzuzngezohlelo lwelanga, lezi zifaka phakathi Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, kanye ne-New Horizons.

Isihlongamkhathi

Main article: Isihlongamkhathi

Isihlongamkhathi siyisihlongakude esisemkhathingeni esisetshenziselwa ukubuka izinto ezisemkhathini.Izihlongamkhathi zigwema izinto ezifna nokuhlunga nokuphazamiseka kwemiyonzi yenzubawonga eziyibukayo, futhi zigwema nomnyukubalo wokukhanya. Zihlukaniswe ngezinhloo ezimbili: izivoko ezilinganisa ibalazwe lesibhakabhaka sonke, ngokuhlola umkhathi, kanye nezivoko ezihlozinga ezintweni ezikhethiwe noma izifunda ezithile zomkhathi. Izihlongamkhathi zihlukile kunezivoko ezithwebula uMhlaba, zona ezibheke umhlaba, ezisetshenziswa kwezesimo sezulu, kwezokushulubeza nokuhlongabuqamama izinto ezisemhlabeni.

Isinyathuzi

Main article: Isinyathuzi

Isinyathuzi siwuhlobo lwendizamkhathi enyathuza ebusweni bendikimba yomkhathi, hhayi eMhalbeni. Ezinye izinyathuzi, ezifana Philae kanye neApollo Lunar Module, zanyahthuza ngokuphelele zisebenzisa isivamelo sazo.

Imboma yomkhathi

Main article: Imboma yomkhathi

Izimboma zomkhathi ziwuhlobo lwendizamkhathi ekwazi ukuya nokubuya kanye emkhathini. Zinesimo ezibuthuntu, futhi azinazo izimpiko njengemikhumbihathi futhi zithwala isivamelo sazo ngokwazo. Ziwuhlobo olulwendizamkhathi etakulekayo, futhi zisetshenziswa kanining. Imboma yokuqala yayibizwa Vostok, eyaseRashiya, eyathwala usomkhathi woemkhathini uYuri Gagarin. Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa izimboma iSoyuz ne-Orion.

Umkhumbimkhathi

Main article: Spaceplane

Amaphatho

↑ Peenemünde (Dokumentation) Berlin: Moewig, 1984.ISBN 3-8118-4341-9.
↑ Garcia, Mark, ed. (4 October 2017). "60 years ago, the Space Age began". NASA. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 1 September 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Swenson, L. Jr.; Grimwood, J. M.; Alexander, C. C. This New Ocean, A History of Project Mercury. pp. 66–62424. On October 4, 1957 Sputnik I shot into orbit and forcibly opened the Space Age.
↑ Labrador, Virgil (2015-02-19). "satellite communication". Britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication. Retrieved 2016-02-10.

[1] Peenemünde (Dokumentation) Berlin: Moewig, 1984.ISBN 3-8118-4341-9.

[nasa-sputnik-60-2] Garcia, Mark, ed. (4 October 2017). "60 years ago, the Space Age began". NASA. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 1 September 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[3] Swenson, L. Jr.; Grimwood, J. M.; Alexander, C. C. This New Ocean, A History of Project Mercury. pp. 66–62424. On October 4, 1957 Sputnik I shot into orbit and forcibly opened the Space Age.

[4] Labrador, Virgil (2015-02-19). "satellite communication". Britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524891/satellite-communication. Retrieved 2016-02-10.

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