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Economy of Nepal

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Economy of Nepal
Kathmandu, capital city and the financial centre of Nepal
CurrencyNepalese rupee (NPR, रू)
16 July - 15 July
Trade organizations
WTO, SAFTA and BIMSTEC
Country group
Statistics
PopulationNeutral increase 29,164,578 (50th; 2025 est.)[3]
GDP
  • Increase $49.112 billion (nominal, 2026f)[4]
  • Increase $194.852 billion (PPP, 2026f)[4]
GDP rank
  • 4.3% (2026f)[5]
GDP per capita
  • Increase $1,658 (nominal, 2026)[4]
  • Increase $6,578 (PPP, 2026)[4]
3.8% (2024)[6]
GDP by sector
 (2024 est.)
4.7% (2024)
Population below national poverty line
  • 20.3% (2022)[7]
  • 2.4% on less than $3/day (2022)[7]
32.8 medium (2010)[8]
  • Increase 0.622

medium (2023)[9] (145nd)

Labour force
  • Decrease 16,016,973 (2020)[11]
  • semi skilled labor[12]
  • 76.2% employment rate (2020)[13]
Labour force by occupation
  • agriculture: 43.1%
  • industry: 21.24%
  • services: 35.66%
  • (2020)[12]
12.6% (2022)[12]
Main industries
tourism, carpets, textiles; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarettes, cement and brick production[12]
External
ExportsIncrease $3.74 billion (2024–25)[12]
Export goods
clothing, pulses, carpets, textiles, juice, jute goods[12]
Main export partners
  • India(-) 67% (2024–25)
  • USA(+) 12% (2024–25)
  • Others(-) 21% (2024–25)

[12]

ImportsIncrease $17.78 billion (2024–25)[12]
Import goods
petroleum products, machinery and equipment, gold, electrical goods, medicine[12]
Main import partners
  • India(+) 71%(2024-25)
  • China(+) 17%(2024-25)
  • Others(-) 12% (2024–25)

[12]

FDI stock
Positive decrease $11 billion (2020)[12]
Public finance
Negative increase 41.38% of GDP (2021/22)[14]
Increase $23.55 billion (mid-april 2026)[15]
−1% (of GDP) (2022 est.)[12]
10.925 billion (2017 est.)[12]
15.945 billion (2017)[12]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

Nepal has a developing mixed economy largely driven by agriculture, services, industry, and tourism. Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood for most of the population, while the service sector including trade, transport, and communications has become increasingly important. In recent years, hydropower, manufacturing, and information technology have shown growing potential, supported by government efforts to attract investment and improve infrastructure. The country continues to pursue policies aimed at sustainable growth and regional economic integration.

History

[edit]

With the introduction of a planned development strategy known as the Five-Year Plans of Nepal in 1956, Nepal pursued an inward-looking state-led development strategy with the state actively intervening in and taking over strategic activities that would generate employment and improve living standards. The state established numerous public sector enterprises in almost all sectors ranging from manufacturing to food marketing, controlled trade and industry with license and quota system, protected domestic industries behind high tariffs, adopted stringent foreign exchange control, subsidized agriculture inputs, controlled prices and distribution system, and directed lending of commercial banks. Contrary to expectations, output growth remained very low at about 3 percent per annum against an annual population growth of 2.7 percent during mid-1970s to mid-1980s, exports stagnated at about 5 percent of GDP in 1985/86, imports surged from about 11 percent of GDP in 1975 to 17 percent in 1985 and the country experienced a severe macroeconomic and foreign exchange crisis.

To address the external crisis, and to reverse deteriorating macroeconomic performance, the government launched a broad range of reforms through the adoption of economic stabilization and structural adjustment programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, respectively, in the mid-1980s. Accordingly, the rupee was devalued, import regimes were liberalized, the system of industrial licensing was eased and export procedures were simplified.[16]

Sectors

[edit]

Agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Agriculture in Nepal.[edit]
Terraced farming on the foothills of the Himalayas is a common sight in many of the villages in Nepal
Nepalese women planting rice
Cultivation in the Kathmandu Valley

In Nepal, the economy is dominated by agriculture. In the late 1980s, it was the livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Although only approximately 20% of the total land area was cultivable.5

The agricultural sector has remained the backbone of the national economy. Agriculture contributes 21.6 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)[17] and provides the main occupation for approximately 62.0 percent of households. About 67.0 percent of the total population resides within agricultural families. (Source: Economic Survey 2080/81).

A Country =1991|publisher=Washington GPO for the Library of Congress|access-date=September 4, 2008. Since the formulation of the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1975–80), agriculture has been the highest priority because of the dependence of economic growth on both increasing the productivity of existing crops and diversifying the agricultural base for use as industrial inputs.[18]

According to the World Bank, agriculture is the main source of food, income, and employment for the majority of the population in Nepal.[19] It provides about 21.6 % of the gross domestic product (GDP).[20]

In trying to increase agricultural production and diversify the agricultural base, the government focused on irrigation, the use of fertilizers and insecticides, the introduction of new implements and new seeds of high-yield varieties, and the provision of credit. The lack of distribution of these inputs, as well as problems in obtaining supplies, however, inhibited progress.[18] Although land reclamation and settlement were occurring in the Terai Region, environmental degradation and ecological imbalance resulting from deforestation also prevented progress.

Although new agricultural technologies helped increase food production, there still was room for further growth. Past experience indicated bottlenecks, however, in using modern technology to achieve a healthy growth. The conflicting goals of producing cash crops both for food and for industrial inputs also were problematic.

Mining

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Mineral resources of Nepal.[edit]

Nepal has been mining on a small scale for iron, copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel and gold. Old mine pits, adits, smelting places and other remnants of mine processing are found all over Nepal. Some villages are named after mineral names, such as Taba Khani, Falam Khani, Shisa Khani or Sun Khani.

Before 1951 (2007 BS) Nepal was an exporter of iron and copper to Tibet and cobalt to India. At Thoshe iron deposit (Ramechhap), a gun manufacturing plant was established in 1921, but this is non-functional now.[21] After the change of government in 1951, mining activities gradually closed.[22]

Systematic geological mapping and mineral exploration were carried out by the Nepal Bureau of Mines, established in 1961, and by the Nepal Geological Survey, established in 1967. These two organizations were combined in 1977 and renamed as the Department of Mines and Geology (DMG). Mineral exploration activities were at their peak during 1969–1984. Some potential mineral resources identified by the explorations are listed below.[23][24][25][22]

Industry

[edit]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Energy

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Energy in Nepal.[edit]
Electricity generation in Nepal in terawatt-hours

Nepal is a country enclosed by land, situated between China and India. It has a total area of 148,006.67 square kilometers and a population of 29.16 million.[26] It has a small economy, with a GDP of $42 billion in 2024, amounting to about 1% of South Asia and 0.04% of the World's GDP.

Nepal's total energy consumption in 2019/2020 was 14.464 million tons of oil equivalent, increased from 10.29 Mtoe in 2012.[27] Electricity consumption was 3.57 TWh. The energy mix is dominated by traditional sources like firewood and agricultural residue (68.7%), most of this primary energy (about 80%) represents solid biofuels used in the residential sector (for heating, cooking etc.).[27] Smaller shares of energy come from commercial sources like petroleum and coal (28.2%) and renewable sources.[28] About 23% of the electricity is imported, with the rest almost completely supplied by hydroelectricity. Nepal also exports hydroelectricity to India in the wet season.

Nepal has no known major oil, gas, or coal reserves,[29] and its position in the Himalayas makes it hard to reach remote communities. Consequently, in the absence of the energy grid reaching remote locations, most Nepali citizens have historically met their energy needs with biomass, human labor, imported kerosene, and/or traditional vertical axis water mills. Energy consumption per capita is thus low, at one-third the average for Asia as a whole and less than one-fifth of the world average.

The country has considerable hydroelectricity potential.[30] The commercially viable potential is estimated at 44 GW from 66 hydropower sites.[29]

In 2010, the electrification rate was only 53% (leaving 12.5 million people without electricity) and 76% depended on wood for cooking. With about 1 toe for every $1,000 of GDP, Nepal has the poorest energy intensity among all south Asian countries. The country has therefore very large energy efficiency potential.[27]

Finance

[edit]

Education

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Education in Nepal.[edit]

Education in Nepal has been modeled on the Indian system, which is in turn based on that of the old British Raj.[31] The National Examinations Board supervises all standardized tests, while the Ministry of Education is responsible for managing educational activities in Nepal. The National Center for Educational Development is Nepal's teacher-training body.[32]

In 2021, Nepal's literacy rate was 76.3% (83.6% for males and 69.4% for females).[33] The April 2015 Nepal earthquake destroyed schools and severely impacted the nation's ability to keep its remaining schools open.
Map of Nepal
Nepal's location relative to its neighbors, China and India

Healthcare

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Health in Nepal.[edit]

Health care services in Nepal are provided by both public and private sectors and are generally regarded as failing to meet international standards. Prevalence of disease is significantly higher in Nepal than in other South Asian countries, especially in rural areas.[34][35] Moreover, the country's topographical and sociological diversity results in periodic epidemics of infectious diseases, epizootics and natural hazards such as floods, forest fires, landslides, and earthquakes.[35] But, recent surge in non-communicable diseases has emerged as the main public health concern and this accounts for more than two-thirds of total mortality in country. A large section of the population, particularly those living in rural poverty, are at risk of infection and mortality by communicable diseases, malnutrition and other health-related events.[35] Nevertheless, some improvements in health care can be witnessed; most notably, there has been significant improvement in the field of maternal health. These improvements include:[36]

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[45] finds that Nepal is fulfilling 85.7% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.[46] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Nepal achieves 97.1% of what is expected based on its current income.[46] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 94.6% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.[46] Nepal falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 65.5% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.[46]

Retail

[edit]

Retail in Nepal is dominated by traditional mom-and-pop "Kirana" stores, which account for nearly 90% of the market. Urban areas are witnessing a rise in modern retail, including shopping malls, departmental stores and e-commerce platforms.[47]

Telecommunications

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Telecommunications in Nepal.[edit]

Nepal's telecommunication network has increased over the years significantly, with the number of telephone users (both fixed and mobile phone) reaching 40,789,198 as of 14 May 2019.[48]

Nepal Telecommunications Authority (NTA) is the regulatory body of telecommunications in the country. According to the latest figures, eight companies have been licensed to operate voice-based telephony services, out of which five are heavily invested by foreign companies.[49] The investment market of telecom is a subject of interest for many foreign companies and NTA itself as it has to prepare the regulations on hand.[50]

According to the latest Management Information system (MIS) report of the Nepal Telecommunications Authority (NTA), 97.65 percent of 26.49 million people in the country have access to telephone service. The report includes data of up to mid-December 2014. Telephone penetration increased by 12.88 percentage points in one year. It stood at 84.77 percent in mid-December 2013.

Transport

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Transport in Nepal.[edit]

Transportation in Nepal has developed under significant geographical constraints due to the country's mountainous terrain and landlocked position. Modern transport systems began in the early 20th century, with roads becoming the primary mode of transportation, complemented by limited rail connections, air transport, ropeways, and inland dry ports.[51]

Tourism

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Tourism in Nepal.[edit]
Namche Bazaar, gateway to Mount Everest, under snow

Tourism is the largest industry in Nepal and its largest source of foreign exchange and revenue. Tourism in Nepal contributes about 6.7% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Tourism is a significant economic contributor for many nations. In 2023, Nepal welcomed 1,014,876 tourists, placing it 147th globally in terms of tourist numbers. Tourism is Nepal's largest industry and a primary source of foreign income and revenue.[52] Home to eight of the ten highest mountains in the world, Nepal is a destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and adventure seekers. The Hindu and Buddhist heritages of Nepal and its cool weather are also strong attractions.[53]

Foreign investments and taxation

[edit]

Huge numbers of Small Foreign Investments come to Nepal via the Non Resident Nepali, who are investing in many sectors. Nepal has a huge potential for hydroelectricity. Accordingly, a large number of foreign companies are willing to invest in Nepal, but political instability has stopped the process. Nepal has entered into agreements for avoidance of double taxation (all in credit method) with 10 countries (PSRD) since 2000. Similarly, it has Investment protection agreements with 5 countries (PSRD) since 1983. In 2014, Nepal restricted the Foreign aid by setting a minimum limit for foreign grants, soft and commercial loans from its development partners.[54]

Imports and exports

[edit]

Nepal's merchandise trade balance has improved somewhat since 2000 with the growth of the carpet and garment industries. In the fiscal year 2000–2001, exports posted a greater increase (14%) than imports (4.5%), helping bring the trade deficit down by 4% from the previous year to $749 million. Recently, the European Union has become the largest buyer of ready-made garments; fruits and vegetables (mostly apples, pears, tomatoes, various salads, peach, nectarine, potatoes, rice) from Nepal. Exports to the EU accounted for 46.13 percent of the country's garment exports.[55]

The annual monsoon rain strongly influences economic growth. From 1996 to 1999, real GDP growth averaged less than 4%. The growth rate recovered in 1999, rising to 6% before slipping slightly in 2001 to 5.5%.

Strong export performance, including earnings from tourism, and external aid have helped improve the overall balance of payments and increase international reserves. Nepal receives substantial amounts of external assistance from the United Kingdom,[56][57][58] the United States, Japan, Germany, and the Nordic countries.

Several multilateral organisations such as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the UN Development Programme also provide assistance. In June 1998, Nepal submitted its memorandum on a foreign trade regime to the World Trade Organization and in May 2000 began direct negotiations on its accession.

Labour

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Labour in Nepal.[edit]
Labour force availability (as of 2006) map

Nepal has a labour force of 16.8 million workers, the 37th largest in the world as of 2017.[59] Although agriculture makes up only about 28 per cent of Nepal's GDP, it employs more than two-thirds of the workforce.[60] Millions of men work as unskilled labourers in foreign countries, leaving the household, agriculture, and raising of children to women alone. Most of the working-age women are employed in the agricultural sector, contributions to which are usually ignored or undervalued in official statistics. Few women who are employed in the formal sectors face discrimination and significant wage gap. Almost half of all children are economically active, half of which (almost a quarter of all children) are child labourers. Millions of people, men, women and children of both sexes, are employed as bonded labourers, in slavery-like conditions. Trade unions have played a significant role in bringing about better working conditions and workers' rights, both at the company level and the national government level. Worker-friendly labour laws, endorsed by the labour unions as well as business owners,[61] provide a framework for better working conditions and secure future for the employees, but their implementation is severely lacking in practice.[62] Among the highly educated, there is a significant brain-drain, posing a significant hurdle in fulfilling the demand for skilled workforce in the country.

The Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security governs the development of labour and employment policies in Nepal.

Resources

[edit]
Tourists trekking in Annapurna region in western Nepal. Tourism plays a vital role in Nepal's economy.

Progress has been made in exploiting Nepal's natural resources, tourism, and hydroelectricity. With eight of the world's 10 highest mountain peaks, including Mount Everest at 8,848.86 m. In the early 1990s, one large public sector project and a number of private projects were planned; some have been completed. The most significant private sector financed hydroelectric projects currently in operation are the Khimti Khola (60 MW) and the Bhote Koshi Project (36 MW). The project is still undergoing and has dependency on China, India and Japan to take the further steps.

Upper Tamakoshi hydropower, biggest hydropower in Nepal.
Upper Tamakoshi hydropower, biggest hydropower in Nepal.
Kulekhani dam also known as "Indra sarobar"or "Kulekhani Reservoir" combinely producing 106 MW, in Makwanpur, Nepal
Middle Marsyangdi Hydropower Station, producing 70 MW. Nepal has significant potential to generate hydropower, which it plans to export across South Asia.

Nepal has 83,000 MW of theoretical and 42,133 MW of technically/financially viable hydroelectric potential, however the total installed capacity, at present, is 4105 MW and increasing.[63]

The environmental impact of Nepal's hydroelectric Own calendar (Bikram Sambat) New year in mid- April projects has been limited by the fact that most are "run-of-the-river" with only one storage project undertaken to date. The largest hydroelectric plant under consideration is the West Seti Dam (750 MW) storage project dedicated to exports to be built by the private sector. Negotiations with India for a power purchase agreement have been underway for several years, but agreement on pricing and financing remains a problem. Currently demand for electricity is increasing at 8-10% a year whereas Nepal's option to have agreement with India will make this fulfilment against demand. As of June 2022 surplus electricity up to 364 MWp by Nepal is exported to India.[64]

Population pressure on natural resources is increasing. Over-population is already straining the "carrying capacity" of the middle hill areas, particularly the Kathmandu Valley, resulting in the depletion of forest cover for crops, fuel, and fodder and contributing to erosion and flooding. Although steep mountain terrain makes exploitation difficult, mineral surveys have found small deposits of limestone, magnesite, zinc, copper, iron, mica, lead, and cobalt. Coal mining is also done with 11522 tones produced in 2018 alone.

The development of hydroelectric power projects also cause some tension with local indigenous groups, recently[when?] empowered by Nepal's ratification of ILO Convention 169.[65]

Macro-economic trend

[edit]

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Nepal at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund and EconStats with figures in millions of Nepali Rupees.[66]

YearGross domestic product
19603,870
19655,602
19708,768
197516,571
198023,350
198546,586
1990103,415
1995219,174
2000379,488

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2024. Inflation below 5% is in green.[67]

Year GDP (in billion US$ PPP) GDP per capita (in US$ PPP) GDP (in billion US$ nominal) GDP growth (real) Inflation (in Percent) Government debt (in % of GDP)
1980 7.68 491 2.26 Decrease−2.3% Negative increase9.8% n/a
1985 Increase12.59 Increase718 Increase3.21 Increase6.1% Increase4.1% n/a
1990 Increase18.37 Increase936 Increase4.44 Increase4.6% Negative increase8.9% n/a
1995 Increase26.70 Increase1197 Increase5.38 Increase3.5% Negative increase7.7% n/a
2000 Increase36.70 Increase1494 Increase6.54 Increase6.1% Increase3.4% Negative increase50.8%
2005 Increase49.01 Increase1865 Increase9.33 Increase3.5% Increase4.5% Positive decrease45.1%
2006 Increase52.23 Increase1969 Increase10.32 Increase3.4% Negative increase8.0% Positive decrease42.9%
2007 Increase55.47 Increase2076 Increase11.78 Increase3.4% Negative increase6.2% Positive decrease37.9%
2008 Increase59.99 Increase2232 Increase14.31 Increase6.1% Negative increase6.7% Positive decrease36.8%
2009 Increase63.10 Increase2335 Increase14.66 Increase4.5% Negative increase12.6% Negative increase39.5%
2010 Increase66.94 Increase2465 Increase18.25 Increase4.8% Negative increase9.6% Positive decrease35.4%
2011 Increase70.66 Increase2591 Increase21.69 Increase3.4% Negative increase9.6% Positive decrease32.4%
2012 Increase75.34 Increase2756 Increase21.70 Increase4.7% Negative increase8.3% Negative increase34.5%
2013 Increase79.32 Increase2897 Increase22.16 Increase3.5% Negative increase9.9% Positive decrease31.9%
2014 Increase85.55 Increase3115 Increase22.72 Increase6.0% Negative increase9.0% Positive decrease27.6%
2015 Increase89.78 Increase3252 Increase24.36 Increase4.0% Negative increase7.2% Positive decrease25.7%
2016 Increase91.02 Increase3267 Increase24.52 Increase0.4% Negative increase9.9% Positive decrease25.0%
2017 Increase100.97 Increase3583 Increase28.97 Increase9.0% Increase4.5% Steady25.0%
2018 Increase111.09 Increase3897 Increase33.11 Increase7.6% Increase4.1% Negative increase31.1%
2019 Increase121.06 Increase4199 Increase34.19 Increase6.7% Increase4.6% Negative increase34.0%
2020 Increase122.69 Decrease4180 Decrease33.43 Decrease −2.4% Negative increase6.2% Negative increase43.3%
2021 Increase134.00 Increase4461 Increase36.93 Increase4.8% Increase3.6% Steady43.3%
2022 Increase151.64 Increase4964 Increase41.18 Increase5.6% Negative increase6.3% Positive decrease42.7%
2023 Increase160.16 Increase5153 Decrease40.91 Increase2.0% Negative increase7.8% Negative increase47.1%
2024 Increase169.12 Increase5348 Increase43.67 Increase3.1% Negative increase5.6% Negative increase49.7%

Statistics

[edit]

GDP: Purchasing power parity - $149.643 billion (2024 est.)[68]

GDP - Real Growth Rate: 3.7% (2024 est.)[68]

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity (current international $) - $2700 (2017 est.) GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 17%
industry: 13.5%
services: 60.5% (2017 est.)
tourism: 9%

Population below poverty line: 20.3% (2022 est.)[68]

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1995–96)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.1% (2023 est.)[68]

Labour force: 8.435 million (2024 est.)[68]

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 19%, services 69%, industry 12% (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate: 1.47% (2017 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $5.954 billion
expenditures: $5.974 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2017 est.)

Industries: tourism, carpet, textile; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette; cement and brick production

Industrial production growth rate: 10.9% (2017 est.):

Electricity - production: 41,083 GWh (2017)

Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 7.5%
hydro: 91.5%
nuclear: 0.3%
other: 0.7% (2001)

Available energy:6957.73 GWh (2017) NEA Hydro:2290.78 GWh (2014) NEA Thermal:9.56 GWh (2014) purchase (total):2331.17 GWh (2014) India (purchase):2175.04 GWh (2017) Nepal (IPP):1258.94 GWh (2014)

Electricity - consumption: 4,776.53 GWh (2017)

Electricity - exports: 856 GWh (2001) Electricity - imports: 12 GWh (2001)

Oil - production: 0 barrels per day (0 m3/d) (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption: 1,600 barrels per day (250 m3/d) 2001

Agriculture - products: Fruits and vegetables, mostly: apples, pears, tomatoes, peaches, nectarines, potatoes, rice, maize, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, and buffalo meat.

Exports: $1.29 billion f.o.b., but does not include unrecorded border trade with India (2020 est.)

Exports - commodities: carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain

Exports - partners: India 56.6%, US 11.5%, Turkey 9.2% (2016 est.)

Imports: $1.6 billion f.o.b. (2021 est.)

Imports - commodities: gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, electrical goods, medicine

Imports - partners: India 70.1%, China 10.3%, UAE 2.6%, Singapore 2.1%, Saudi Arabia 1.2%. (2016 est.)

Debt - external: $9.1 billion (2022 est.)

Economic aid - recipient: $2 billion Archived 27 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine (FY 2019/20)

Currency: 1 Nepali rupee (NPR) = 100 paisa

Fiscal year: 16 July - 15 July

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  2. ↑ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  3. ↑ "Population, total - Nepal". Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal). 24 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "World Economic Outlook Database, 2025". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
  5. ↑ "International Monetary Fund". www.img.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  6. ↑ "GDP per capita growth (annual %), World Bank Group, accessed June 2026".
  7. 1 2 "World Bank: Nepal". World Bank. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  8. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  9. ↑ "Human Development Index (HDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  10. ↑ "Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)". hdr.undp.org. UNDP. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  11. ↑ "Labor force, total". World Bank. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "The World Factbook". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  13. ↑ "Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  14. ↑ "Nepal's Debt". Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  15. ↑ "Nepal's Forex". Retrieved 27 May 2025.
  16. ↑ https://odi.org/en/publications/structural-economic-transformation-in-nepal-a-diagnostic-study-submitted-to-dfid-nepal/
  17. ↑ "Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) - Nepal".
  18. 1 2 Savada, Andrea Matles (1991). "Nepal: A Country Study:Agriculture". Washington GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
  19. ↑ "Nepal: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development". World Bank.
  20. ↑ Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) - Nepal https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=NP
  21. ↑ Rana, M.N., 1965; Preliminary project report on Thosay iron works. NBM unpub. Report.
  22. 1 2 "Mineral Resources of Nepal and their present status – Nepal Geological Society". Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  23. ↑ Sah, Ram Bahadur; Paudyal, Kabi Raj (2019). "Geological control of mineral deposits in Nepal". Journal of Nepal Geological Society. 58: 189–197. doi:10.3126/jngs.v58i0.24604. ISSN 2676-1378.
  24. ↑ Kansakar, Dibya R.; Dorian, James P.; Clark, Allen L. (1 January 1986). "The minerals potential of Nepal". GeoJournal. 12 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1007/BF00213019. ISSN 1572-9893. S2CID 154314159. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  25. ↑ Paudel, Devi Prasad (2019). "Present Status and Utilization of the Mineral Resources in Nepal". The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education: 85–96. doi:10.3126/ttp.v18i0.28009. ISSN 2392-4322.
  26. ↑ CBS, G. o. N., National Statistic Office. (2021). National Population and Housing Census 2021.
  27. 1 2 3 "Nepal". www.iea.org. International Energy Agency (IEA). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  28. ↑ AEPC, A. E. P. C. (2021). Annual Report.
  29. 1 2 "Nepal". USAID South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy Integration (SARI/EI). Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  30. ↑ Kaini, Prakash; Annandale, George (11 January 2019). "The Way Forward for Nepal's Hydropower Development". Hydro Review. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  31. ↑ "Education System in Nepal". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  32. ↑ "National Center for Educational Development".
  33. ↑ "Nepal", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 19 October 2023, archived from the original on 19 October 2023, retrieved 30 October 2023
  34. ↑ "Rebuilding Nepal's Healthcare System". Possible Health. 23 September 2015. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  35. 1 2 3 "Health System in Nepal: Challenges and Strategic Options" (PDF). World Health Organization. November 2007.[dead link]
  36. ↑ "Nepali Times Issue #561 (8 July 2011 – 14 July 2011)". Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  37. ↑ UNDP. "Human Development Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  38. ↑ Nepal country profile Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 2005). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  39. ↑ "| Human Development Reports" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  40. 1 2 3 4 "SDG Country Profiles". country-profiles.unstatshub.org. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  41. ↑ "Annual_Report_FY_2071_72" (PDF). dohs.gov.np. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  42. ↑ "Nepal Life Expectancy (1950-2025)". Macrotrends. 12 September 2025. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  43. ↑ "Nepal: WHO Statistical Profile". who.int. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  44. ↑ "Gapminder Tools". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  45. ↑ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  46. 1 2 3 4 "Nepal - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  47. ↑ https://www.uncdf.org/article/7379/digitizing-msmes-kirana-stores-in-nepal
  48. ↑ "Nepal Telecommunication Authority - MIS Report" (PDF). Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  49. ↑ All telecom companies in Nepal to be Public – NTA Cross Holding Study Reports, TechSansar.com, retrieved January 22, 2014.
  50. ↑ NTA study report (pdf), January 19, 2014
  51. ↑ "Introduction". Department of railway. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  52. ↑ "Analyzing and Forecasting International Tourist Arrivals in Nepal".
  53. ↑ Turner, Rochelle. "Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2015 Nepal". World Travel & Tourism Council. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  54. ↑ "Nepal puts a minimum amount limit on foreign aid and loans". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  55. ↑ "EU as Nepal's largest exporter". ktm2day. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  56. ↑ "UK should cut aid to Nepal if "endemic" corruption persists: report". Reuters. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  57. ↑ "DFID's bilateral programme in Nepal". The International Development Committee of the House of Commons. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  58. ↑ "A Conversation with Departing Nepal Chief of the UK Aid Agency". United We Blog! for a Democratic Nepal. 15 June 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  59. ↑ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". CIA. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  60. ↑ Chaudhary, Deepak (1 November 2018). "Agricultural Policies and Rural Development in Nepal: An Overview". Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies. 1 (2): 34–46. doi:10.3126/rnjds.v1i2.22425. ISSN 2631-2131. Retrieved 18 November 2019 – via Nepal Journals Online.
  61. ↑ "Business, trade union leaders hail passage of new labor laws". Republica. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  62. ↑ "Losses to tea industry from workers' strike top Rs 1 billion". The Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  63. ↑ "Nepal's Electricity Capacity Rises Sixfold in a Decade, Hits 4,105 MW". Nepal Energy Forum. 28 April 2026.
  64. ↑ "Nepal starts exporting surplus electricity to India". english.onlinekhabar.com. 2 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  65. ↑ Jones, Peris: When the lights go out. Hydroelectric power and indigenous rights in Nepal Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. NIBR International Blog 11.03.10
  66. ↑ "EconStats : Nepal | IMF World Economic Outlook". www.econstats.com. Retrieved 17 June 2026.
  67. ↑ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 24 January 2025.
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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2003 ed.). CIA.

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