close
Jump to content

Primate city

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Countries with a national primate city highlighted in yellow

A primate city[Note 1] is a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region, and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.[2] A primate city distribution is a rank-size distribution that has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns and no intermediate-sized urban centers, creating a statistical king effect.[3]

The law of the primate city was first proposed by the geographer Mark Jefferson in 1939.[4] He defines a primate city as being "at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant."[5] Aside from size and population, a primate city will usually have precedence in all other aspects of its country's society such as economics, politics, culture, and education. Primate cities also serve as targets for the majority of a country or region's internal migration.

In geography, the phenomenon of excessive concentration of population and development of the main city of a country or a region (often to the detriment of other areas) is called urban primacy or urban macrocephaly.[6]

Measurement

[edit]

Urban primacy can be measured as the share of a country's population that lives in the primate city.[7] Relative primacy indicates the ratio of the primate city's population to that of the second largest in a country or region.[8]

Significance

[edit]

There is debate as to whether a primate city serves a parasitic or generative function.[9] The presence of a primate city in a country may indicate an imbalance in development—usually a progressive core and a lagging periphery—on which the city depends for labor and other resources.[10][page needed] However, the urban structure is not directly dependent on a country's level of economic development.[2][page needed]

Many primate cities gain an increasing share of their country's population. This can be due to a reduction in blue-collar population in the hinterlands because of mechanization and automation. Simultaneously, the number of educated employees in white-collar endeavors such as politics, finance, media, and higher education rises. These sectors are clustered predominantly in primate cities where power and wealth are concentrated.[citation needed]

Examples

[edit]

Some global cities are considered national or regional primate cities.[5][11] An example of a global city that is also a primate city is Istanbul in Turkey. Istanbul serves as the primate city of Turkey due to the unmatched economic, cultural, and educational influence that the city possesses in comparison to other Turkish cities such as the capital Ankara, İzmir, or Bursa. Likewise, Mexico City, Paris, Cairo, Jakarta, and Seoul have also been described as primate cities of their respective countries.[12] However, not all regions and countries possess a primate city. The United States has never had a primate city on a national level due to the decentralized nature of the country and because the country's second-largest city, Los Angeles, is not far behind the country's largest city, New York City, in either population or GDP. The metropolitan area of New York City has over 19 million residents, while Los Angeles's has roughly 13 million residents, as of 2022.[13]

Sub-national divisions can also have primate cities. For instance, New York City is the State of New York's primate city, because its population is 32 times bigger than the state's second-largest city of Buffalo. New York City has 44% of the population and 65% of the GDP of the State of New York.[14] The city of Anchorage is another U.S. example, with around 40% of the total population of Alaska living within the city's limits. China does not have a primate city at a national level, but several provincial capitals are disproportionately larger than other urban areas in the respective provinces. For example, Henan, Hubei, and Sichuan have provincial capitals (Zhengzhou, Wuhan, and Chengdu, respectively) that are significantly larger than the second-largest cities in those provinces, and each of those provinces has a population similar to that of a large European country. India does not have a primate city, as Delhi is not much larger than Mumbai or Kolkata in terms of population. However, many Indian states, such as Karnataka, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Telangana, do have primate cities: Bangalore, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, respectively. Other Indian states, such as Uttar Pradesh and Kerala, do not have any primate cities.[15]

Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, has been called "the most primate city on Earth": in 2000 it was 40 times larger than the second-largest city of that time, Nakhon Ratchasima.[16] As of 2022, Bangkok is nearly nine times larger than Thailand's current second-largest city of Chiang Mai, which has been growing in population and has also had its boundaries expanded to reflect that growth.[17][18] Taking the concept from his examination of the primate city during the 2010 Thai political protests and applying it to the role that primate cities play if they are national capitals, researcher Jack Fong noted that when primate cities like Bangkok function as national capitals, they are inherently vulnerable to insurrection by the military and the dispossessed. He cites the fact that most primate cities serving as national capitals contain major headquarters for the country. Thus, logistically, it is rather "efficient" to target a national capital that is also a primate city; most of the governing power is contained in that one small area, and so are most of the people.[19]

The metropolitan area of the city of Moscow, the capital of Russia, is 2.3 times the size of the metropolitan area of the next largest city, Saint Petersburg,[20][21] and plays a unique and uncontested role as the cultural and political center of the country.[22] It can therefore be considered a primate city.

Primate cities need not be capital cities: governments may establish a new capital city in an attempt to challenge the primacy of the largest city or provide more balanced growth. For example, in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam is still the primate city even though the capital was moved to Dodoma, a new city built to a plan, in 1996. A similar process (though without building a planned city) occurred when the existing city of Wellington was chosen as New Zealand's capital in 1865; Auckland, the capital before the relocation, commanded (and still commands) a greater share of the population and economy.

List

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Country Primate Population Second largest Population Population difference
 Ethiopia Addis Ababa3,352,000 Adama 342,940 9.8
 Algeria Algiers7,896,923 Oran 1,560,329 5.1
 Madagascar Antananarivo1,275,207 Toamasina 300,813 4.2
 Eritrea Asmara650,000 Keren 82,198 7.9
 Mali Bamako1,810,366 Sikasso 226,618 8.0
 Central African Republic Bangui622,771 Bimbo 124,176 5.0
 Gambia Banjul-Serekunda area519,835[23] Brikama 101,119[23] 5.1
 Guinea-Bissau Bissau492,004 Gabu 48,670 10.1
 Egypt Cairo[24]22,183,000 Alexandria 6,100,000 3.6
 Guinea Conakry[25]1,660,973 Nzérékoré 195,027 8.5
 Senegal Dakar[25]2,646,503 Touba 753,315 3.5
 Tanzania Dar es Salaam7,000,000 Mwanza 1,104,521 6.4
 Djibouti Djibouti City475,322 Ali Sabieh 37,939 12.5
 Sierra Leone Freetown[25]1,500,234 Bo 233,684 6.4
Somaliland Hargeisa[26]1,200,000 Burao[27] 425,000 2.8
 Uganda Kampala1,507,080 Nansana 365,124 4.1
 Rwanda Kigali1,132,686 Butare 89,600 12.6
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa17,239,463 Mbuji-Mayi 2,643,000 7.3
 Nigeria Lagos[28]16,637,000 Kano 4,490,734 3.7
 Gabon Libreville703,904 Port Gentil 136,462 5.2
 Togo Lomé1,477,660 Sokodé 118,000 12.5
 Angola Luanda[25]8,069,612 Lubango 903,564 8.9
 Zambia Lusaka2,238,569 Kitwe 522,092 4.3
 Lesotho Maseru330,760 Teyateyaneng 75,115 4.4
 Liberia Monrovia1,101,970 Ganta 41,106 26.8
 Kenya Nairobi5,500,000 Mombasa 1,208,333 4.6
 Chad N'Djamena1,605,696 Moundou 137,929 11.6
 Niger Niamey1,243,500 Zinder 235,605 5.3
 Mauritania Nouakchott1,446,761 Nouadhibou 173,525 8.3
 Sudan Omdurman-Khartoum area5,490,000 Port Sudan 489,725 11.2
 Burkina Faso Ouagadougou2,500,000 Bobo Dioulaso 537,728 4.6
 São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé71,868 Santo Amaro 8,239 8.7
 Tunisia Tunis2,643,695 Sfax 1,018,341 2.6
 Seychelles Victoria26,450 Anse Boileau 4,093 6.5
 Namibia Windhoek325,858 Walvis Bay 62,096 5.2

Asia

[edit]
Country Primate Population Second largest Population Population difference
 Jordan Amman4,425,000Irbid750,000 5.9
 Turkmenistan Ashgabat1,168,000Türkmenabat253,000 4.6
 Iraq Baghdad8,126,755Mosul1,792,000 4.5
 Azerbaijan Baku2,934,000Ganja335,000 8.8
 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan280,000Kuala Belait70,000 4.0
 Thailand Bangkok[29]16,255,900[Note 2]Chiang Mai[30]1,213,000 13.4
 Lebanon Beirut[25]2,781,000Tripoli365,000 7.6
 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek[25]1,297,000Osh282,000 4.6
 Sri Lanka Colombo5,648,000Kandy125,400 45.0
 Bangladesh Dhaka22,478,116Chittagong5,252,842 4.3
 Timor-Leste Dili235,000Baucau15,000 15.7
 Tajikistan Dushanbe1,390,000Khujand182,000 7.6
 Palestine Gaza City766,331Hebron308,750 2.5
 Turkey Istanbul[31]15,569,856Ankara[32]5,187,949 3.0
 Indonesia Jakarta32,594,159Surabaya9,958,656 3.2
 Afghanistan Kabul[25]4,834,000Kandahar570,000 8.5
 Pakistan Karachi[33] 18,868,021 Lahore[34] 13,004,135 1.5
 Nepal Kathmandu3,941,000Pokhara523,000 9.8
 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur9,085,737George Town2,815,278 3.2
 Kuwait Kuwait City[25]4,022,000Al Jahra400,000 10.1
 Maldives Malé135,000Addu City34,000 4.0
 Oman Muscat1,205,000Salalah340,000 3.5
 Cambodia Phnom Penh[25]2,177,000Siem Reap140,000 15.6
 North Korea Pyongyang2,228,000Hamhung535,000 4.2
 Yemen Sana'a 3,300,000 Aden 1,154,000 2.9
 South Korea Seoul26,085,040Busan6,804,956 3.8
 Uzbekistan Tashkent3,492,000Samarkand1,201,000 2.9
 Georgia Tbilisi1,207,000Batumi200,000 6.0
 Iran Tehran13,633,000Mashhad3,167,000 4.3
 Israel Tel Aviv[35]4,054,570[Note 3]Jerusalem1,075,800[Note 4] 3.77
 Bhutan Thimphu115,000Phuntsholing28,000 4.1
 Japan Tokyo[36]41,000,000Keihanshin (Osaka)19,060,000 2.1
 Laos Vientiane1,058,000Savannakhet120,000 8.8
 Mongolia Ulaanbaatar[25]1,752,000Erdenet112,520 15.6
 Myanmar Yangon[37]7,360,703Mandalay1,726,889 4.3
 Armenia Yerevan[25]1,403,000Gyumri130,000 10.8
Colombo, the primate city of Sri Lanka; it is 45 times larger than Kandy, the country's second-largest city.

For the Philippines, figures are for Metro Manila and Metro Cebu. Manila is the national capital, which is within Metro Manila, a region. Meanwhile, Cebu City is the capital city of the province of Cebu, with Metro Cebu being its main urban center. Metro Manila is within Mega Manila, the megapolis that has a population of around 25 million.

For Malaysia, data for Kuala Lumpur includes the surrounding state of Selangor and the Federal Territory of Putrajaya; while data for George Town includes the entire State of Penang and adjoining regions of Kulim and Kuala Muda (Sungai Petani) in the neighboring State of Kedah.

In Vietnam, Hanoi (population 8,053,663) is the primate city of Northern Vietnam, having 3.97 times the population of the area's second largest, Haiphong (2,028,514). Ho Chi Minh City (population 8,993,082) is the primate city of Southern Vietnam, having 7.28 times the population of the area's second largest, Cần Thơ (1,235,171). However, there's no primate city in Central Vietnam as the most populous city (Da Nang, population 1,134,310) has nearly the same population of the area's next largest (Huế, population 1,128,620). See also: List of cities in Vietnam

Europe

[edit]
Country Primate Population Second largest Population Population difference
 Greece Athens[25][38]3,753,783Thessaloniki1,084,001 3.5
 Serbia Belgrade1,681,405Novi Sad368,967 4.5
 Romania Bucharest2,272,163Cluj-Napoca411,379 5.5
 Hungary Budapest[39]3,303,786Debrecen237,888 13.9
 Moldova Chișinău736,100Tiraspol (de jure)[Note 5]135,700 5.4
 Denmark Copenhagen[38][39]2,016,285Aarhus330,639 6.1
 Ireland Dublin[40]1,263,219Cork222,526 5.7
 Finland Helsinki1,522,694[Note 6]Tampere385,610 3.9
 Ukraine Kyiv[41]2,952,301Kharkiv1,421,125 2.1
 United Kingdom London[42][39]14,257,962Birmingham3,683,000 3.9
 Luxembourg Luxembourg107,247Esch-sur-Alzette32,600 3.3
 Belarus Minsk2,101,018Gomel526,872 4.0
 Russia Moscow[20][21][22]13,010,112St. Petersburg5,601,911 2.3
 Norway Oslo[43]1,110,887Bergen[43]273,626 4.05
 France Paris[38][44][42][39]12,405,426 Lyon2,237,676 5.5
 Czech Republic Prague1,397,880[45]Brno402,739[45] 3.9
 Iceland Reykjavík209,680[Note 7]Akureyri18,191 11.5
 Latvia Riga[25][38]605,273Daugavpils77,779 7.6
 North Macedonia Skopje422,540[46][47]Kumanovo75,051[48] 5.6
 Bulgaria Sofia1,681,666Plovdiv544,628 3.1
 Sweden Stockholm[49][50][51][52][53]2,415,139[Note 8]Gothenburg1,080,980 2.2
 Estonia Tallinn437,619Tartu95,009 4.6
 Albania Tirana800,986Durrës201,110 4.0
 Austria Vienna[25][44][39]2,600,000Graz302,660 8.6
 Lithuania Vilnius600,876Kaunas304,524 2.0
 Croatia Zagreb1,113,111Split349,314 3.2

The list contains 26 countries. If excluding the microstates (which are not listed here and often have one city only) and the countries of disputed connection to Europe (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia and Kazakhstan), Europe has 40 countries, and 14 of them are without primate cities. These are Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey.

In Germany, Munich (city proper population of ca 1.5 million, with surrounding Landkreise ~3 million) is the primate city of the state of Bavaria, having nearly three times the population of the state's second-largest, Nuremberg (ca 500,000 people, metro area ~1.35 million). Likewise, in Hesse, Frankfurt (~750,000 people) is nearly three times larger than the state's second-largest, Wiesbaden (~275,000), and they are both part of the Rhine-Main metropolitan area. The largest city outside of the area, Kassel, has a population of ca. 200,000 people.[54]

In Italy, primate cities exist at the regional level: the capital, Rome (~2.7 million), alone has nearly half of the population of the Lazio region and is about 21 times larger than the second-largest city, Latina, and nearly three quarters of the region's population live in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. In Lombardy, Milan at ~1.35 million is seven times larger than second-largest Brescia (ca 200,000); in Piedmont, Turin has eight-nine times the population of Novara and Alessandria; in Campania, Naples has 7 times the population of second-largest Salerno and in Liguria, Genoa at ~550,000 has six times the population of second-largest La Spezia and the Metropolitan City of Genoa has three times the population of the Province of Savona.[55]

There are many more regional primate cities in Europe. If excluding national capitals, examples include Gothenburg in Västra Götaland, Sweden, Bergen in Vestland and Trondheim in Trøndelag, Norway, Tampere in Pirkanmaa, Finland and Aarhus in Midtjylland, Denmark.

In Portugal, the Lisbon Metropolitan Area has around 2.8 million people while the Porto Metropolitan Area, the second-biggest and other only official metropolitan area, has around 1.7 million people. These two metropolitan areas have around 40% the country's population and are multiple times larger than the third-biggest city, Braga.

North and Central America

[edit]
Country Primate Population Second largest Population Population difference
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre13,000Sandy Point Town3,140 4.1
 Belize Belize City65,834San Ignacio21,229 3.1
 Barbados Bridgetown110,000Oistins3,000 36.7
 Saint Lucia Castries70,000Gros Islet22,647 3.1
 Guatemala Guatemala City[38][39]2,749,161Quetzaltenango792,530 3.5
 Cuba Havana2,106,146Santiago de Cuba433,099 4.9
 Jamaica Kingston584,627Portmore182,153 3.2
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown16,500Georgetown1,700 9.7
 Nicaragua Managua1,401,687León213,718 6.6
 Mexico Mexico City[38][42][39]20,400,000Monterrey5,370,466 4.1
 Bahamas Nassau274,400Freeport26,914 10.2
 Panama Panama City[25]880,691La Chorrera118,521 7.4
 Haiti Port-au-Prince[25]2,618,894Cap-Haïtien274,404 9.5
 Dominica Roseau16,582Portsmouth2,977 5.6
 Costa Rica San José[25][38][39]2,158,898Puerto Limón58,522 36.9
 El Salvador San Salvador[38][39]2,406,709Santa Ana374,830 10.0
 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo2,908,607Santiago de los Caballeros553,091 5.3
 Grenada St. George's33,734Grenville2,400 14.1
 Antigua and Barbuda St. John's81,799Liberta3,301 24.8

In the United States, many primate cities exist at the state level. In California, the population of Los Angeles (~4 million) is nearly three times that of the second-largest city in the state, San Diego. Likewise, in Illinois, Chicago has 15 times the population of the state's second-largest city, Aurora, which itself is a suburb of Chicago, and 18 times the population of Rockford, the state's fifth-largest city and the largest outside of the Chicago metropolitan area, which comprises nearly two-thirds of the state's population. In New York, New York City, with a 2022 population of about 8.3 million, is more than 30 times larger than the state's second-largest city of Buffalo. Erie County, where Buffalo is located, is the eighth-largest county in the state and the largest outside of the New York metropolitan area, with around 950,000 residents; on the other hand, New York City alone contains four of the six largest counties in the state, each with at least 1.35 million residents.[56]

Canada also has several primate cities at the provincial level: Vancouver for British Columbia; Winnipeg for Manitoba; Toronto for Ontario; Montreal for Quebec; Halifax for Nova Scotia; and St. John's for Newfoundland and Labrador.

Oceania

[edit]
Country Primate Population Second largest Population Population difference
 Samoa Apia 36,735 Afega 1,781 20.6
New Zealand New Zealand Auckland 1,794,400 Christchurch 556,500 3.2
 Tuvalu Funafuti6,025Asau650 9.3
 Solomon Islands Honiara64,609Auki7,785 8.3
 Tonga Nukuʻalofa24,571Neiafu6,000 4.1
 Papua New Guinea Port Moresby410,954Lae76,255 5.4
 Fiji Suva175,399Lautoka52,220 3.4
 Kiribati South Tarawa50,182Abaiang5,502 9.1

Australia does not have a primate city, but at the state level, each of the capital cities of the states and territories act as the primate city of that state or territory.

South America

[edit]
Country Primate Population Second largest Population Population difference
 Paraguay Gran Asunción[25]2,698,401Ciudad del Este293,817 9.2
 Colombia Bogotá8,034,649Medellín3,591,963 2.2
 Argentina Buenos Aires[42][39]12,741,364Córdoba1,528,000 8.3
 Guyana Georgetown118,363Linden29,298 4.0
 Peru Lima[39]9,752,000Arequipa1,034,736 9.4
 Uruguay Montevideo[25][39]1,947,604Salto104,028 18.7
 Suriname Paramaribo240,924Lelydorp19,910 12.1
 Chile Santiago[25]6,685,685Valparaíso1,036,127 6.5

Brazil does not have a primate city, but Brazilian state capitals typically act as the primate city for their respective state.[57]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Latin: 'prime, first rank'[1]
    From Old French or French primat,[citation needed] from a noun use of Latin primat-, from primus
  2. ↑ based on Bangkok Metropolitan Region
  3. ↑ based on Tel Aviv metropolitan area
  4. ↑ based on Greater Jerusalem. This figure includes both West and East Jerusalem, and other localities of the Israeli Jerusalem District, but does not include adjacent localities in the West Bank, be they Israeli settlements such as Ma'ale Adumim or Palestinian localities such as Ramallah and Bethlehem.
  5. ↑ Tiraspol is controlled and claimed by the unrecognised Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria), and serves as the breakaway state's largest city and capital. The second largest city controlled by Moldova, and the third largest within its recognised borders is Bălți, with a population of 102,457 (7.18 times smaller than Chișinău).
  6. ↑ based on Helsinki metropolitan area
  7. ↑ based on Capital Region (Iceland)
  8. ↑ based on Stockholm metro area

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "primate". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 2008-07-21. "2. archaic: one first in authority or rank: leader"
  2. 1 2 Goodall, B. (1987). The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography. London: Penguin.
  3. ↑ "GaWC Research Bulletin 186". Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  4. ↑ "The Law of the Primate City and the Rank-Size Rule, by Matt Rosenberg". Archived from the original on 2016-12-16. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  5. 1 2 Jefferson, Mark (April 1939). "The Law of the Primate City". Geographical Review. 29 (29): 226–232. Bibcode:1939GeoRv..29..226J. doi:10.2307/209944. JSTOR 209944.
  6. ↑ Kotlyakov, Vladimir; Komarova, Anna (2007), Elsevier's Dictionary of Geography: in English, Russian, French, Spanish and German (1st ed.), North Holland, p. 776
  7. ↑ Davis, James C.; Henderson, J.Vernon (1 October 2003). "Evidence on the political economy of the urbanization process". Journal of Urban Economics. 53 (1): 98–125. doi:10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00504-1. What is available and what is utilized in all studies other than Wheaton and Shishido [67] is some measure of urban primacy—here measured as the share of the largest city in national urban population.
  8. ↑ Jefferson, Mark (1939). "The Law of the Primate City". Geographical Review. 29 (2): 226–232. Bibcode:1939GeoRv..29..226J. doi:10.2307/209944. ISSN 0016-7428. JSTOR 209944. In Denmark the less-than-a-million capital, Copenhagen, has won greater relative primacy. It is nine times as large as Denmark's second town.
  9. ↑ London, Bruce (October 1977). "Is the Primate City Parasitic? The Regional Implications of National Decision Making in Thailand". The Journal of Developing Areas. 12: 49–68.
  10. ↑ Brunn, Stanley, et al. Cities of the World. Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2003
  11. ↑ Taşan-Kok, Tuna (2004). Mexico, Istanbul and Warsaw: Institutional and spatial change. Eburon Uitgeverij. p. 41. ISBN 978-905972041-1. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
  12. ↑ Pacione, Michael (2005). Urban Geography: A Global Perspective (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 83.
  13. ↑ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. May 18, 2023. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  14. ↑ "Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas" (PDF). Executive Office of the President - Office of Management and Budget. p. 106. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
  15. ↑ "A-04 : Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 - Class I (population of 100,000 and above)". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
  16. ↑ Baker, Chris; Pasuk Phongpaichit (2009). A History of Thailand (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-521-76768-2.
  17. ↑ "Chiang Mai, Thailand Metro Area Population 1950-2022, Data provided by the United Nations' Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Population Division". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  18. ↑ "Department of Provincial Administration (DOPA), Population data for the year 2022" (in Thai). Retrieved 2023-06-21.
  19. ↑ Fong, Jack (May 2012). "Political Vulnerabilities of a Primate City: The May 2010 Red Shirts Uprising in Bangkok, Thailand". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 48 (3): 332–347. doi:10.1177/0021909612453981. S2CID 145515713.
  20. 1 2 "A 3-Hour Commute: A close look at Moscow the Megapolis". Strelka Mag. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  21. 1 2 "Severo-Zapadnyj Federal'nyj Okrug / Northwestern Russia (Russia): Regions, Republics, Major Cities & Urban Settlements - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  22. 1 2 Argenbright, Robert (2013-01-01). "Moscow on the Rise: From Primate City to Megaregion". Geographical Review. 103 (1): 20–36. Bibcode:2013GeoRv.103...20A. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2013.00184.x. ISSN 0016-7428. S2CID 155003653.
  23. 1 2 "World Gazetteer: World Gazetteer home". archive.is. 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2020-04-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  24. ↑ "Cairo, Egypt Metro Area Population 1950-2023". Macrotrends. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision. United Nations Publications. 1 January 2004. pp. 97–102. ISBN 978-92-1-151396-7.
  26. ↑ Kilcullen, David (2019). "Hargeisa, Somaliland – Invisible City" (PDF).
  27. ↑ "Dawladda Hoose ee Burco". www.burao.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-08. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  28. ↑ Demographia (January 2015). Demographia World Urban Areas (PDF) (11th ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  29. ↑ "Thailand: Division (Planning Regions and Provinces) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map", The World Factbook, 2019-02-19, retrieved 2024-11-17
  30. ↑ "Thailand", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-11-21, archived from the original on November 21, 2023, retrieved 2023-11-25
  31. ↑ "TURKEY: İstanbul City". Citypopulation.de. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2022.
  32. ↑ "TURKEY: Ankara City". Citypopulation.de. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2022.
  33. ↑ "Urban Localities by Population Size and their Population by Sex, Annual Growth Rate and Household Size: Census–2023 (SINDH)" (PDF). www.pbs.gov.pk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-07-26. Retrieved 2025-10-29.
  34. ↑ "Urban Localities by Population Size and their Population by Sex, Annual Growth Rate and Household Size: Census–2023 (PUNJAB)" (PDF). www.pbs.gov.pk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-12-19. Retrieved 2025-10-29.
  35. ↑ Kipnis, B. (2004). Tel Aviv, Israel - a world city in evolution: Urban development at a deadend of the global economy. Dela, 21, 183–193. Archived 2018-10-05 at the Wayback Machine, "Tel Aviv [...] has been Israel's primate urban agglomeration since the 1920s (Reichmann 1972). Since the late 1980s it has evolved into the hard core of Israel's post-industrial globally oriented economy, its post-modern physical ambience and its social and cultural lifestyle."
  36. ↑ "Major Agglomerations of the World". Population Statistics and Maps. February 28, 2023. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  37. ↑ Census Report. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. Vol. 2. Naypyitaw: Ministry of Immigration and Population. May 2015. pp. 31–57.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "2020-10-06". ssb.no (in Norwegian). 6 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Robert B. Kent (January 2006). Latin America: Regions and People. Guilford Press. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-1-57230-909-8.
  40. ↑ "F1013 - Population Density and Area Size". data.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office, Ireland. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
  41. ↑ "Ukraine: Provinces and Major Cities". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  42. 1 2 3 4 Kelly Swanson (7 August 2012). Kaplan AP Human Geography 2013-2014. Kaplan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60978-694-6.
  43. 1 2 "Tettsteders befolkning og areal". SSB.
  44. 1 2 Michael Pacione (2009). Urban Geography: A Global Perspective. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-415-46201-3.
  45. 1 2 "Population of Municipalities - as at 1 January 2025". Products.
  46. ↑ "NORTH MACEDONIA". Citypopulation.de. State Statistical Office of North Macedonia [mk]. 5 September 2021.
  47. ↑ "NORTH MACEDONIA: Skopje". Citypopulation.de. State Statistical Office of North Macedonia [mk]. 5 September 2021.
  48. ↑ "NORTH MACEDONIA: Kumanovo". Citypopulation.de. State Statistical Office of North Macedonia [mk]. 5 September 2021.
  49. ↑ "citypopulation.de", www.citypopulation.de, archived from the original on 5 November 2023, retrieved 5 November 2023
  50. ↑ "Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner 30 juni 2021 och befolkningsförändringar 1 april–30 juni 2021. Totalt". Statistics Sweden. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  51. ↑ "Folkmängd i riket, län och kommuner. Totalt". SCB. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  52. ↑ "Stockholm". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  53. ↑ "Folkmängd per tätort och småort 2010, per kommun" (XLS) (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  54. ↑ "Germany: States, Districts, Counties, Cities, Communes, Agglomerations, Settlements, City Quarters - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  55. ↑ "Italy: Regions, Provinces, Cities, Communes, Localities, Boroughs - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  56. ↑ "USA: States, Counties, Cities, Places, Urban Areas & Metropolitan Areas - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  57. ↑ Regiões de influência das cidades : 2018 [Regions of influence of the cities : 2018] (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). IBGE. 2020. ISBN 978-65-87201-04-7. Retrieved 22 September 2025.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primate_city&oldid=1362600753"